Six Sigma is a process that allows companies to drastically improve their processes by designing and managing daily activities to reduce waste while increasing customer satisfaction (Pepper & Spedding, 2010). Earlier, quality management programs were centered on on detecting and correcting production and design defects. The Six Sigma method focuses on techniques that prevent errors at any stage of the process. Statistically, Six Sigma means six standard deviations. In order for the process to be six sigma, there must be six standard deviations between the specific limit and the nearest specific. This allows errors of 3.4 in millions of options (DPMO). The increase in the value of the process increases by decreasing the average change. The goal of Six Sigma’s performance is not applied to individual products. Instead, it refers to important quality characteristics.
Quality performance change (QFD) is an essential aspect of the quality of the organization’s administrative policies. Each organization strives to produce high quality products and services. In the current competitive environment, the quality requirement corresponds to the customer’s expectations. It is a process that translates customer needs into production standards. QFD is used to develop new products. It is very effective because it integrates customer needs into design parameters, so the end product can be better designed to measure customer expectations (Carnevalli & Miguel, 2008). The QFD ratio is the customer’s need; customer needs define different business functions, such as production, production and sales. Two benefits of creating and using QFD matrix;
Buyer-centric process: The main advantage of QFD is that it is a customer and is not technologically controlled. It is not always useful that only technical innovations dictate the new political product. For example, technology makes it possible to use smaller keypads for mobile phones, which makes the final product even more compact. On the other hand, prospective phone users need a certain level or keypad to use the phone effectively. QFD helps you identify your customer’s wishes and use that information when developing new products.
Improve production: QFD requires the product design and production standards of the concept. Since you know the characteristics of the final product, you can check if production is going in the right direction with standard revisions. Some problems can be solved in the early stages of production, which greatly increases the efficiency of production. A natural consequence of greater efficiency reduces all costs that can be delegated to the customer.
The method of implementing quality work is a four-step process that covers the entire product development (Almannai, Greenough & Kay, 2008). At each step, for each system design, subsystem and component, a series of customizable tone tuning patterns are used. Parts of QFD and its creation;
Definition of a product: The product definition phase begins with the collection and translation of requirements and product specification requirements. It may also include an analysis of competition, which assesses how a competitor’s product meets the wishes and needs of the client. The original design concept is based on the requirements and functions of the product.
Product Development: Key components and collections are defined during the product development phase. Critical product properties are cascaded and translated into functions or definitions that are essential or important for components and assemblies. Functional requirements or specifications are defined for each level of function.
Development process: During the development phase of a process, the manufacturing and assembly processes are developed in accordance with the specifications and components of the product. The process flow is developed and the main characteristics of the process are determined.
Process Quality Management: The QFD process recognizes important processes during production. Process parameters are defined and developed, and the process is properly managed. In addition, all control and test specifications were developed. Full production begins at the end of the technological capacity in the pilot structure.
Benchmarking is an integral process in supply chain and provides adherence to quality standards. The steps in benchmarking in supply chain management processes include planning, analysis, integration, action and maturity. During the process of planning, it is decided what benchmarks is expected to perform, finding of benchmarking partners is decided upon as well as collection of data is ascertained at this stage (Anand & Kodali, 2008). In the second phase of analysis, determination of current gaps in performance is analysed and project future performance levels is ascertained. In the third phase of integration, findings for the project are communicated in order to gain acceptance and functional goals is established. In the fourth stage for action, plans are developed and implementation for specific actions is undertaken. The progress is monitored so that in case needed, the benchmark can be recalibrated. At the last stage for maturity, leadership positions is ascertained and integration of practices in undertaken into processes.
Affinity diagram is a tool that brings together many ideas, opinions, questions and groups those (Takai & Ishii, 2010). The process is often used to gather ideas and this corresponds to a large amount of data. The data is organized in groups. They are used to search solutions searching solution to complex problems in supply chain.
The Kano Model is an intelligent way to understand and classify 5 different customer requirements for new products and services. The main objective of the model is communication with 5 universal customer requirements to know or keep all developers of products and services competitive. It shows how each of these five general categories can influence happiness and dissatisfaction (Xu, Jiao, Yang, Helander, Khalid & Opperud, 2009). It also displays how the value is created and the value creates a new value. Helps organizations understand their needs better than their customers. Provide a mechanism to help organizations understand and understand the needs or functions of all potential customers in five categories to support development work.
Pareto analysis is a useful formulation in which many observed activities are competed. The problem solver basically counts the benefits paid for each action and then selects some of the most effective actions that are closest to the maximum (Talib, Rahman & Qureshi, 2010). Pareto analysis is a creative way to examine the causes of problems by stimulating thinking and organizing thoughts. However, it may limit the exclusion of potentially important topics. It must be linked to other analytical tools.
Brainstorming to solve creative problems is one of the most well-known methods. In this method preparation to organize effective gathering of ideas is undertaken, to try to find a solution to the problem (Litchfield, 2008). This group is a very effective way of ensuring creative ability, and also of developing successful ideas in a particular area of interest that can be identified by many ideas.
Fishbone Chart is one of seven quality management tools to diagnose the problem and identify potential causes (Phillips & Simmonds, 2013). This is the so-called Causes and Effect or Ishikawa diagram. The cause of the problem can be determined on the basis of various factors depending on the circumstances. The concept uses elements like person, machine, material, method, measurements, and the environment. It can be used in services, finance and marketing as well.
Administration of the supply chain may involve systematic flow of chemicals, products and related information between suppliers, companies, retailers and consumers (Damelio, 2016). There are three different flows in the supply chain which includes material flow, information flow and financial flow, which is determined through the process flow charts.
Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) is a key element for successful delivery and great success, and in choosing the right supply partner. Companies mark risk in the supply chain, focusing on the use of analytical methods and failures (FMEA) (Liu, Liu & Liu, 2013). The determination of the FMEA is rarely used to assess supplier risk, but uses a powerful tool for the proactive SCRM. FMEA is a long-standing technique used to assess risks in product and process design. All errors that can be assessed in terms of probability, weight and ability to detect. Higher FMEA results lead to higher risk. The general variables used to measure the risk in this situation are Operating frequency damaged, Number of parts related to defects, the possibility of detecting errors, probability of bankruptcy and weight of the accused.
DOE is a method of analyzing the relationship between the factors that affect the process. To establish a relationship, different experiments were performed and the value of the output variable was analyzed and interpreted (Marzbanrad, Mohammadi & Mostaani, 2013). It is used in determining the best option between two options during the trials, Administrator Input Data Knowledge, Non Control, Reduce the variable in the output, Minimization, optimization or targeting of output, Improve the power, efficiency and efficiency of the process and Balance more votes and complete the compromise.
The verification time ensures proper use, documentation, measurement and maintenance of the solution. But that does not meet the challenges. Control is often called blocking of bad things. The purpose of the audit is to make sure the systems work so that employees and all organizations can make changes (Qureshi, Janjua, Zaman, Lodhi & Tariq, 2014). The level of control includes: actual changes, whether physical, behavioral, or both; redesign of procedures and staffing for new processes that allow systems to measure and monitor new processes such as management maps; and write an action plan.
Lean and Six Sigma have been determined over the last two decades that cost, quality and time can be greatly improved by focusing on process. Although Six Sigma focuses on changing and improving the processes with the help of statistical tools, Lean focuses on improving waste and limiting flow through the following principles (Pepper & Spedding, 2010). Six Sigma eliminates the error, but does not solve the problem and Lean principles of statistical devices, which are often necessary for the procedural ability to achieve that. Therefore, many experts believe that the two methods create one another. While each approach can be greatly improved, with the help of two methods at the same time the ability to solve all proses problem is the most appropriate tool.
Purpose of systematic reduction of waste, which in most cases involves economical savings in terms of economic costs. Most of the continuous development (kaizen) is a clear process and usually there is no need to re-evaluate the current practice of good investment. Companies controlling the cost flow offers its customers many high-quality benefits. Given that delivery times are shorter and more reliable, the reputation of the service increases (Serrano Lasa, Ochoa Laburu & de Castro Vila, 2008). Managing growth issues is more important. The organization apparently tries to improve and maintain the coherence of value flows. Collaborate with others to maximize the efficiency of larger / larger streams. This common concept is evident in the Japanese industry. Value flow mapping is used as a tool by which JIT policies can diversify supply chains. There are benefits if your organization wants to introduce new products. Developed skills allow the team to change the value of the supply chain. Good bargaining can create a new cost base for new products. In addition, organisations can choose highly qualified partners to deliver a new product. The Value Stream Process map is a strategic project that sells and improves design operations, panel operations, human resources, development staff, classification of IT resources, and so on.
Six Sigma Design (DFSS) is another way of developing new products or processes. Traditional Sigma uses DMAIC or definition, measurement, analysis, development and control. This method is most effective to improve the current process or change product plan by step. On the contrary, Six Sigma’s design is mostly used for the complete transformation of a product or process (Lee & Chang, 2010). The methods or steps used for DFSS depend on the organization or organization that governs the process. This information is the product and process design. The DFSS team must be versatile to ensure that all aspects of the product are calculated, from market research to completion. The purpose of DFSS is to create products and processes that minimize the cause of errors and varieties. It seems that the process developed with DFSS is 4.5 sigma or more.
Accurate and reliable information is needed to support decision-making. Due to the high number of participants in the supply chain, it is often difficult for organizations to communicate information within the term (Thomas, Barton & Chuke-Okafor, 2008). Therefore, this study suggested improving information on varied activities. Six Sigma Design Methodology (DFSS), designed to develop a strong information technology that effectively returns the supply chain of mobile materials through three internal containers. In the case of the supplier participating in the chain, improvement of communication and dignity during the period allowed new access to information and redesigning of supply chain processes.
The key factors through which a successful six sigma program for supply chain management can be implemented are;
The obstacles and challenges of six sigma method are;
Lean Six Sigma improves the manufacturing process in different ways. The disadvantage of destroying all types of waste and the promise of Six Sigma’s delay in defining mistakes, changing processes and effectively combining the ongoing development of the DARS process (Hazen, Boone, Ezell & Jones-Farmer, 2014). Companies now use Lean Six Sigma to eliminate waste and reduce its spread. Lean Six Sigma improves efficiency in different ways. Six Sigma DMAIC proposes an existing command process and helps DMADV create a new process. The following are the benefits of applying six sigma.
Lean Six Sigma helps businesses improve their transport needs. A good supply chain offers lasting competitive advantages and higher incomes.
The supply chain reference model (SCOR) is a management tool for managing, improving and disseminating decisions regarding supply chain management in the company, supplier and customers. The model describes the business processes needed to meet the needs of customers (Estampe, Lamouri, Paris & Brahim-Djelloul, 2013). This helps to explain processes in the supply chain and serves as a basis for streamlining these processes.
The SCOR process can process details at multiple levels to help the company analyze the supply chain. Companies should evaluate the development of their supply chain. This process helps companies understand that five steps are repeated several times between suppliers, companies and customers. Each step is part of the delivery key, which is a label for the implementation of the product at all levels. The SCOR model can be edited for companies that recognize supply chain problems. This model makes full use of venture capital investments, only the supply chain model, adjusts business operations and generates an average of 2 to 6 times more than cyclical investments. The weaknesses of the SCOR model include its applicability in accordance to modeling.
The SCOR power supply is based on a specific hierarchy (Lee & Chang, 2010). The size of the supply chain is based on the ability to handle the size, size, and size of the hinge. The SCOR model can only be a consideration for all types of the supply chain. The supply chain adjustment or delivery is important for the organization. Convergence of Six Sigma (lean) and SCOR allows benchmarking of performance and quality management. An ideal example of such convergence can be seen in Amazon’s supply chain, where efforts are made to add six sigma processes and SCOR model for enhancing efficiency and effectiveness.
Reference
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