Give the literature review to identify problem area and justify the project to demonstrate a link to the evidence?
The hospital environment is not the one that is conductive to sleep. The patients whoo are in the ICU are susceptible to disruption of sleep, which is secondary to environmental and medical issues. Although the frequency of such cases where the sleep of the patients is disrupted, is high, the quality of care being delivered to the critically ill patients is generally overlooked (Salas, R. and Gamaldo, C., 2008). The literature survey shows that the hospital wards have been associated with the difficulties experienced by the patients in falling asleep and getting insufficient sleep. And this eventually results in the sleep disturbances. These problems are restricted to the patients who are admitted into the ICU or are in the acute care settings. But very little research has been done on the conditions experienced by the older people who are admitted to the hospital and the problems or difficulties experienced by them with respect to their sleeping pattern (Ancoli-Israel S., 2009). In an exploratory qualitative research carried out on the older people, it was found that all the participants (older people) were subjected to dynamic changes in their sleeping pattern during the period of their hospitalization and this led to deprivation of sleep and even its disruption. The research concluded that the public environment of the ward and the prominent sense of helplessness was the main reason that caused lack of sleep. Moreover, the older people also reported the prevalence of certain cultural and social beliefs that hindered the opportunities of getting adequate amount of sleep. The research in this field is very essential as the implication of the nursing practice of inclusion of the assessment of the sleep in the patients during their admission in the wards, is important. Older patients perceive this assessment task as a vital component of the usual routine of the ward and should be used wherever possible (Lee, C et al., 2007). The lack of adequate sleep has been associated with the dysfunction of the immune system, accompanied by the impairment of the resistance to any kind of infection as well as the alterations in the nitrogen balance and delaying in the healing of the wound. Although the effect of the surgical admission of the patients into the ICU and the impact on their sleeping pattern and the architecture, remain undefined, many research studies (both qualitative and quantitative) have been conducted to study and describe the quality and quantity of sleep as well as the architecture, as defined by the polysomnography (Randall et al., 2007). Therefore, it is important to devise methods for helping the patients to achieve maximum sleep and follow a designed pattern so that the immune system and the other functions of the body are not disrupted. This research proposal aims to improve the care experience of the patients by allowing them to sleep without any disruption, thereby helping in improving their patient related outcome and increasing their satisfaction level. The project also aims to devise such methods that maintain the privacy and the dignity of the patients ane enable them to have their own say in the decisions regarding their care.
Lack of sleep is a critical issue for patients in basic consideration units. Slumber is an intricate, dynamic process that is isolated into 4 phases of non-fast eye development (NREM) slumber, and quick eye development (REM) rest. Clamor, lights, inconvenience, torment, prescriptions, and stretch all add to a persistent’s failure to rest. Absence of information about the slumber stages, nursing schedules, and continuous nursing evaluation and mediations likewise affect the discriminatingly sick quiet’s capacity to rest. Instruction about lack of sleep needs to be coordinated into discriminating consideration courses and introduction programs. Lack of sleep ought to be tended to on the multidisciplinary consideration arrangement and in wellbeing group meeting, and nursing consideration arranged appropriately. Rest solutions and their belongings ought to be assessed for every patient, and in addition distinguishing medicines that may be anticipating or aggravating slumber (Lee-Chiong T., 2008; Cronin AJ, Keifer JC, Davies MF, King TS, Bixler EO., 2001).
Proof recommends that intense disease/damage and the ICU environment decrease remedial slumber, in any case, it has been hard to evaluate event rates because of differed meanings of slumber aggravation, estimation issues, and the difficulties of directing slumber examines in the ICU (Redeker NS, 2008). Despite the difficulties, confirmation proposes that a generous extent of ICU patients experience poor slumber quality, delayed slumber inactivity, and incessant arousals/enlightenments that add to physical and passionate distress (Cooper et al., 2000; Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Hanly PJ, 2001). In a vast investigation of therapeutic and surgical ICU patients (n = 1,625), 38% accomplished trouble nodding off, and 61% reported a more prominent than normal requirement for sleep (Orwelius et al., 2008). In another study, almost 70% of ICU patients with growth encountered a moderate or serious level of slumber unsettling influence, and poor slumber was distinguished as a standout amongst the most distressing parts of their ICU stay (Nelson et al., 2001). Several months after healing center release, more than a large portion of ICU survivors (n =39) kept on encountering more terrible intruded on slumber or modified slumber examples contrasted and their prehospital patterns (Kelly MA, McKinley S., 2010). Sleep examine in the ICU is in its outset and further examinations of medical attendant driven appraisal and mediations are expected to minimize the negative results of slumber unsettling influence in basically sick patients (Friese RS, 2008).
Most of the patients who are admitted in the critical care unit of the hospital, experience disturbance in their sleep, which increases or adds on to their illness. Even psychological stress alone can have a huge but negative impact on the sleeping pattern of any individual. Research based statistics say that critical care patients spend around 40-50% of their time being awake and out of the remaining time only 3-4% is spent in REM sleep. During the stay in the hospitals, the patients suffer from excessive psychological stress. These stressors lead to the need for more REM sleep for the patients but the psychological state of mind prevents them from getting adequate amount of sleep (Honkus, V., 2003).In a study carried out by Novaes and colleagues, the evaluation of the physical and psychological stressors that are responsible for sleep deprivation in the Intensive care unit (ICU). The study was conducted with 50 patients and they were asked to fill and submit the Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stressor Scale, in which there were 40 items that were to be ranked from being very stressful to not stressful. Amongst these items, the inability to sleep, was ranked at the second most stressful condition, first being the pain (Novaes et al., 1997; Lautenbacher S, Kundermann B, Krieg JC., 2006).
Lack of sleep has been indicated to impel a catabolic state and adversely influence the resistant framework and recuperating (Goel N, Rao H, Durmer JS, Dinges DF, 2009). There is diminished capacity to oppose and battle contamination, further affecting the mending process and hospitalization. Notwithstanding immunosuppression and diminished tissue repair, studies report diminished agony resilience and significant weariness of the thoughtful operational hubs. Ordinarily, cortisol is discharged in the morning to help set up the body for the day’s stressors. Cortisol is additionally discharged amid time of anxiety, and serves to diminish aggravation by bringing about adjustment of lysosomal layers in harmed cells. Drawn out emission of cortisol in any case, meddles with the body’s capacity to mend and battle disease on the grounds that it can hinder the aggravation methodology, restrain development of connective tissue and granulation, and smother counter acting agent formation. Cortisol discharges are regularly lessened amid slumber and ascend during the early hours after circadian rhythms. Lack of sleep in discriminating consideration patients draws out cortisol discharge and results in diminished mending, making patients more vulnerable to disease and a delayed recuperation process. Lack of slumber has additionally been indicated to add to upper aviation route musculature brokenness and blunting of hypercapneic and hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness, antagonistically influencing gas trade. This could have a noteworthy effect on the patients who face problem with respiration, especially the individuals who are being weaned from the ventilator or the individuals who have recently been extubated (Honkus, V., 2003).
Although the nurses are very attentive with respect to the signs and symptoms shown by their patients, the indication of lack of sleep are generally not very apparent during the initial stages). The behavioural changes like the irritation or restlessness may be seen within 48 hours. Even disorientation and slurred speech can be used as an evidence preceding psychotic behavior (occurring within 96 hours). Patients in the critical care unit spend most of their time in the lighter stages of sleep and therefore are not able to utilize the beneficial stages of sleep. The main reasons for this kind of sleep interference include noisy and unfamiliar environment, excessive lighting, pain, discomfort, stress, anxiety and the illness (Honkus, V., 2003).
Natural commotion is because of a mixture of reasons, including ringing telephones, talking, beepers, speakers installed overhead, and hardware sounds from suction mechanical assembly and mechanical ventilation. Cautions from cardiovascular screens, beat oximeters, and ventilators add to the commotion contamination (Costa, S and Ceolin, M., 2013; Celik S, Ostekin D, Akyolcu N, Issever H., 2005). Especially irritating are ventilator cautions that are very loud while patients are being suctioned. Patients spotted close to the medical caretakers’ station and storage spaces are regularly exposed to more commotion and light. General inconvenience is another reason generally given for failure to rest (Ohayon MM., 2009). Patients frequently whine about the healing center beds that are uncomfortable, and the failure to get settled. Being connected to observing hardware, for instance, keeps a patient from mulling over his stomach, if that is his favored resting position (Weinhouse, G and Schawb, R., 2006; Bourne RS, Mills GH., 2004). The terminal pads used for seeing eventually cause the skin to wind up exasperated and irksome. Oxygen can cause extreme dryness in the nasal passage if it is supplied without being humidified. Having intravenous central lines, and dressings can lead to more discomfort. The temperature of the room or not sufficiently having spreads may unfavorably impact rest. In the midst of REM rest, thermoregulation is missing and shuddering or sweating can’t happen, in this manner individuals’ body temperature is clearly impacted by their surroundings. Right when the earth is unreasonably frigid or excessively hot, REM sleep will be lessened. Torment has been joined with the inability to rest in a couple of studies. In Novaes’ study to evaluate physical and mental stressors in the ICU, 50 patients were given the Critical Care Unit Environmental Stressor Scale and asked to rank the 40 things from not disagreeable to uncommonly troubling. The patients placed isolation as the topmost thing that irritated them or the one which they found troubling, on the scale by these crisis unit Patients in essential thought units may have torment for a grouping of restorative and surgical reasons, and these patients are consistently subjected to therapeutic techniques that are anguishing too. It has been recommended that separating thought restorative guardians expect that the patients are highly stressed or at high peril for torment, and assess and treat in like way (Honkus, V., 2003).
In one of the descriptive study aimed at identifying the pattern of sleep, its quality and quantity and also the prevalence, the scientists found that the frequency of sleeping problems with the patients admitted in the hospitals, was high. The data from the nurses was collected by means of conducting a questionnaire and the night reports of the nurses was evaluated. The disruption in sleep was in the form of delayed onset of the sleep or the early awakening, both of which resulted in short durations of total sleeping time. By the seventh day of admission the results related to sleeping disturbances improved significantly but still the patients complained about the feeling of restfulness in the early hours of morning. Yet again in this study, the identified causes of sleeping problem were the environmental factors like noise, light, cold, heat, disturbance by insects/mosquitos, etc. Even frequent awakening by the nurses for getting the hourly observations resulted in sleep deprivation. The study further highlighted the need for further re assessment of the habit of interrupting the sleep of the patients for certain procedures and the treatements (John, M, Edit, O and Mgbekem, M., 2007; Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, et al., 2002).
The disturbance in the sleep wake cycle of the patients can prove fatal for their recovery. It is important to implement measures that take care of the patients during their admission in the hospital and help them take total hours of sleep in a comfortable and quiet manner (Lane, T and East, L., 2008). This protocol for initiating and promoting proper sleeping patterns begins with the initial assessment of the patient and the family for identifying the actual sleeping patterns of the patient. The patient should be questioned about the factors or the conditions that help him/ her sleep well at home. Secondary to this, the patient should be analysed for the the persisitent pain, anxiety or dyspnea and the conditions that help the patient in overcoming these conditions of health/ illness Drouot X, Cabello B, d’Ortho MP, Brochard L., 2008; Berger AM., 2009). This initial assessment is followed by the implementation of the sleep enhancing interventions like assisting the patient in completing the night time routine that is familiar to him/ her, helping him/ her to find a comfortable sleeping position (Sethi, D., n.d). The main help that a nurse can do is to reduce the environmental stress or restlessness by dimming the lights, maintaining a quiet and peaceful environment, closing the doors, keeping all the phones on silent (near to the rooms of the patients) and refraining from using the intercom (except in very urgent or emergency situations). Literature has proved that by promoting the long blocks of uninterrupted sleep (by reducing the frequency of disturbing the patients) has yielded more fruitful patient outcomes. A warm drink before bedtime also helps in stimulating sleep (Colten HR, Altevogt BM, 2006).
Studies have also shown that sleep deprivation is not only the cause of concern fro the patients but also for the parents who stay back at the hospitals. Due to stressors like the illness or the monotonous environment of the hospital, the sleep of the family members as well as the parents also tends to get disturbed, leading to adverse health outcomes (McCann, D, 2008). There have been many nursing strategies to promote proper sleeping patterns of the patients. There has been a great controversy regarding the impact of mechanical ventilation on the sleeping pattern and according to Orwelius, Nordlund, Nordlund, Edéll-Gustafsson & Sjöberg (2008), mechanical ventilation has no significant impact on the sleeping pattern (Bosma et al., 2007). However, this hypothesis was contradicted by ugras and Oztekin (2007) because of ventilator dysynchrony. Similarly, the effect of routinely nursing cares like eye-mouth care, dressing, pressure area care, washing the patient, etc. further increase the disturbance of sleep. In 1993, Edwards and Schuring proposed a model according to which the care should be provided between 0100 hrs and 0500 hrs. There were many limitations to this model as well. But most of the hospitals are implementing the modifications in the working shifts in order to prevent sleep disturbance. Use of sedative medicines is also being encouraged as it promotes comfort, amnesia and sleep (Parthasarathy & Tobin, 2006; Mistraletti, Donatelli & Carli, 2005).
The sleep disturbance and the corresponding fatigue are significant problems that affect mostly all the patients who are admitted into the hospital. There are many factors contributing to this condition of sleep deprivation- environmental, stress, medical or surgical conditions, medications, treatment, pain, etc. A combined approach is needed in order to allow the patients to sleep properly and relax in the comfortable environment of th ehospital. This project aims in providing the necessary interventions and the strategies that will promote appropriate sleeping patterns in all the patients. Taking after an extensive appraisal of ecological and patient components, a consideration arrangement can be contrived to give times of continuous slumber, recognize prescriptions regimens that advance rest and lessen exhaustion, and propose non-pharmacological mediations in view of individual patient needs and yearnings. Support from all individuals from the health awareness group is expected to actualize changes and make strides in tending to patients’ slumber and vitality needs. Ideal administration of patients’ slumber unsettling influence and exhaustion in the ICU may augment patient advance and enhance wellbeing results long after release from the intense consideration setting (Shields et al., 2004). Medical attendants are decently situated to distinguish issues in their own units that avoid compelling patient slumber. Instruction about slumber aggravation and weakness evaluation/administration needs to be coordinated into discriminating consideration courses and introduction programs (Honkus, V., 2003).
References
1. Ancoli-Israel S. (2009). Sleep and its disorders in aging populations. Sleep Med., 10 Suppl 1:S7–S11.
2. Berger AM. (2009) Update on the state of the science: Sleep-wake disturbances in adult patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 36(4):E165–E177.
3. Bosma, K., Ferreyra, G., Ambrogio, C., Pasero, D., Mirabella, L., Braghiroli, A., et al. (2007). Patient-ventilator interaction and sleep in mechanically ventilated patients: pressure support versus proportional assist ventilation. Critical Care Medicine. 35(4), 1048-1054.
4. Bourne RS, Mills GH. (2004). Sleep disruption in critically ill patients–pharmacological considerations. Anaesthesia. 59(4):374–384.
5. Bryant, R., Creamer, M. Donnell, M, Silove, D and McFarlane, A. (2010). Sleep disturbance immediately prior to trauma predicts subsequent psychiatric disorder. Sleep, 33(1): 69-74.
6. Celik S, Ostekin D, Akyolcu N, Issever H. (2005). Sleep disturbance: the patient care activities applied at the night shift . J Clin Nurs, 14(1):102-6.
7. Colten HR, Altevogt BM, (2006). Functional and Economic Impact of Sleep Loss and Sleep-Related Disorders. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. National academic press.
8. Cooper AB, Thornley KS, Young GB, Slutsky AS, Stewart TE, Hanly PJ (2000). Sleep in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest., 117(3):809-18.
9. Costa, S and Ceolin, M. (2013). Factors that affect inpatients’ quality of sleep*. Rev Esc Enferm USP, 47(1): 46-52.
10. Cronin AJ, Keifer JC, Davies MF, King TS, Bixler EO. (2001). Postoperative sleep disturbance: influences of opioids and pain in humans. Sleep, 24(1):39–44.
11. Drouot X, Cabello B, d’Ortho MP, Brochard L. (2008). Sleep in the intensive care unit. Sleep Med Rev. 12(5):391–403.
12. Friese RS (2008). Good night, sleep tight: the time is ripe for critical care providers to wake up and focus on sleep. Crit Care, 12(3):146.
13. Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Hanly PJ (2001). Sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care., 7(1):21-7.
14. Goel N, Rao H, Durmer JS, Dinges DF. (2009). Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Semin Neurol, 29(4):320–339.
15. Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, et al. (2002). Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med, 30:119-41.
16. John, M, Edit, O and Mgbekem, M. (2007). Sleep disturbance among patients in hospitals: implications for nursing care. West African Journal of nursing, 18(1): 42-48.
17. Honkus, V. (2003). Sleep deprivation in critical care units. Critical care nursing quarterly, 26(3): 179-191.
18. Kelly MA, McKinley S (2010). Patients’ recovery after critical illness at early follow-up. J Clin Nurs., 19(5-6):691-700.
19. Lane, T and East, L. (2008). Aleep disruption experienced by surgical patients in acute hospital. British Journal of nursing, 17(12): 766-71.
20. Lautenbacher S, Kundermann B, Krieg JC. (2006). Sleep deprivation and pain perception. Sleep Med Rev, 10(5):357–369.
21. Lee, C et al. (2007). Older men’s experiences of sleep in the hospital. Journal of clinical nursing, 16(2):336-343.
22. Lee-Chiong T. (2008). Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review. New York: Oxford University Press; 2008.
23. McCann, D. (2008). Sleep Deprivation Is an Additional Stress for Parents Staying in Hospital. Journal for specialists in pediatric nursing, 13(2): 111-122.
24. Mistraletti, G., Donatelli, F. & Carli, F. (2005). Metabolic and endocrine effects of sedative agents. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 11(4), 312-317.
25. Nelson JE, Meier DE, Oei EJ, Nierman DM, Senzel RS, Manfredi PL, Davis SM, Morrison RS (2001). Self-reported symptom experience of critically ill cancer patients receiving intensive care. Crit Care Med., 29(2):277-82.
26. Ohayon MM. (2009). Pain sensitivity, depression, and sleep deprivation: links with serotoninergic dysfunction. J Psychiatr Res. 43(16):1243–1245.
27. Orwelius, L., Nordlund, A., Nordlund, P., Edéll-Gustafsson, U. & Sjöberg, F.(2008). Prevalence of sleep disturbances and long-term reduced health-related quality of life after critical care: a prospective multicenter cohort study. The Critical Care Forum, 12(4), 1-11.
28. Parthasarathy, S. & Tobin, M. (2006). Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit. In M. Pinsky, L. Brochard & J. Mancebo (Eds.). Applied Physiology In the Intensive Care Medicine. (147-156). New York, Unites States of America: Springer.
29. Randall, F, Ramon, D, Heidi, F and Larry, g. (2007). Quantity and Quality of Sleep in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit: Are Our Patients Sleeping? Journal of Trauma –Injury Infection & Critical care, 63(6): 1210-1214.
30. Redeker NS (2008). Challenges and opportunities associated with studying sleep in critically ill adults. AACN Adv Crit Care, 19(2):178-85.
31. Salas, R. and Gamaldo, C. (2008). Adverse effects of sleep deprivation in the ICU. Elsevier, 24(3): 461-476.
32. Sethi, D. (n.d). Paediatric Sedation, Retrieved April 5, 2015, from https://www.anaesthesiauk.com/Documents/105%20Paediatric%20sedation.pdf#xml=https://www.frca.co.uk/SearchRender.aspx?pdf=on&DocId=1008&Index=D%3a%5cdtSearch%5cUserData%5cAUK&HitCount=1&hits=7e6+
33. Shields et al. (2004). Sleep deprivation for pediatric sedated procedures: Not worth the effort. Pediatrics, 113(5): 1204-8.
34. Ugras, G. & Oztekin, S. (2007). Patient perception of environmental and nursing factors contributing to sleep disturbances in a neurosurgical intensive care unit. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 212(3), 299-308.
35. Weinhouse, G and Schawb, R. (2006). Sleep in the critically ill patient. SLEEP, 29(5):707-716.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download
