Discuss about the Smart Parking Systems Navigant Research.
IoT is a revolutionary technology that has the potential to create smart cities with the use of smart devices and big data analytics to address various social and technical problems. With the increase in usage in IoT devise the interoperability among various devices is crucial. At present, cities around the world face a lot of challenges which are related to social resilience, environmental sustainability, economic growth, parking and traffic and job creation. Pollution is a common factor in major cities due to the emissions from various vehicles and this issue is aggravated with the increasing traffic congestion [15]. With the involvement of IoT technology, businesses, society and individuals get the opportunity to access new services and applications as well as volumes of data to improve the efficiency of the society, reduce power consumption and develop a cleaner environment.
Among the broad concept of smart cities, one of the fastest adopted and growing concept is smart parking or smart traffic. The benefits of automated smart parking has been realized by a number of entities like city garages, shopping centres, universities and airports [12]. This technology is only possible due to the internet of things which gives the ability of automating, analysing and collecting data from various sensors of the devices.
Smart parking involves technologies that monitors unavailable and available parking spots with the help of real time applications and data and low cost sensors. The main reason for adopting this technology is to reduce the time in searching for a proper parking spot manually. Some smart parking solutions apply other technologies such as car searching functionalities, notifications for parking time and online payments.
There are several benefits of using this technology. The technology will allow optimized parking solutions. The smart parking allows users to find a proper parking spot for the car, thus reducing effort, resources and time. As the parking lots get filled up efficiently, the corporate and commercial entities can utilize the free space properly [14]. The smart parking also helps to reduce traffic congestion. As fewer cars have to drive around for finding a proper parking spot, with the integration of the new technology the traffic flow will increase considerably with lesser cars on road. The third benefit of using this technology is the reduction in pollution [14]. Research has shown that every day, over a million barrels of oil are exhausted due to parking problems. With the advent of smart parking technology, the cars would not need to drive for long hours, thus saving on emissions and contributing to reduced carbon footprint for the environment.
Smart parking also helps to enhance the user experience. The smart parking should be able to integrate various experiences of the user in unified hub. The arrival process of the destination integrates several informations such as time notifications, location search, spot identification and driver’s payment. It will also allow to create a new revenue stream by allowing users to create a new tiered payment system which is dependent on the location of the parking space. The existing models can be integrated with other reward programs to encourage more users to avail the technology [13]. It additionally allows for integrated POS and Payment systems. By availing application payment and accounting invoicing from mobiles, users can negate the usage of manual cash for parking payment. The system can also integrate customer feedback system and have customer loyalty programs. Smart parking also provides the benefit of increased safety. Suspicious activity and parking violations can be prevented with the help of real time data that is collected from IoT devices present around the parking location. Pertinent footage can be gathered from cameras that recognizes license plates [7].
Moreover, due to reduced searching for a proper parking place, the chances of accidents due to distraction is lowered considerably. The smart parking involves the usage of user data that can be used for finding trends and correlations. These data can be used for analysis to improve certain adjustments for certain drivers. The smart parking technology will help to decrease the management costs due to less resource exhaustion and labour costs and more automation [9]. This advanced technology can also help to increase the brand image of a particular entity such as corporate offices, airports and retail stores which attracts a lot of customers.
The smart traffic light will help the users to cut the travel time. These lights will change for emergency vehicles and will adjust itself according to the rush hours in the implemented region. Moreover, the advanced processors and sensors on the road will help the lights to adjust automatically in real time [10]. Traffic delays will be reduced which will have a major implication economically and environmentally.
There are several vulnerability and security concerns that are related to this technology. As the smart parking technology is based on information technology and internet of things, it is prone to hacking. Moreover, as the data is collected and processed through the sensors present in the IoT devices, the online payment methods related to the smart parking technology can be compromised by unscrupulous attackers [8]. According to a report produced by the NCC, the applications that are used for smart parking have several security vulnerabilities as inadequate cryptographic implementations have been made to them. The security concern regarding this is serious as an attacker who has control over the parking mechanism of a car can direct the car to an unknown area where the attackers can face the users face to face for malicious purposes. The users can face issues due to harassment, assault and theft. Institutions which promote smart parking should understand the importance of parking security as it can directly affect their insurance rates and business reputation. According to a survey (National Crime Victimization) carried out by Bureau of Justice Statistics, between the year 2004 and 2008, over 2 million cries have been conducted in parking garages. This number is surely going to increase with automation and the reduction in physical labour [11]. With the rise in terrorist attacks and bombings from 2001, this technology can be used as a vector for performing these criminal attacks [16]. Blind spots are another security concern for smart parking where inadequate access controls, surveillance and lighting conditions in a parking lot can be used for performing heinous crimes. Other vulnerabilities of this technology is the conflict between procedures and policies, failure to respond to incidents, improper personnel training and lack of security presence. Another security threat can come from man in the middle attack. The attacker can gain control over the network through an infected device. Often, the smart parking applications are connected to mobile data instead of public Wi-Fi networks. This makes it difficult for the hacker to gain the network control of the device but the security threat is not eliminated entirely as the attacker can easily create a base station with fake GSMs [12]. Often, users save their passwords and PINs in the application that is used for smart parking. These personal information along with credit card information can be accessed by the attacker by decompiling the app.
Wellington CBD is a renowned tourist destination in New Zealand. Till 2016, the people has to pay parking sessions through parking meters where the users have to show the ticket and make sure that they return back in time before the ticket validity runs out. Traditional methods were used in the parking areas such as infringement notices, chalking method and patrolling of time restricted areas by officers. From mid-2016, Wellington decided to adopt the SmartPark solution along with the PaymyPark application [1]. Around 4000 vehicle detection sensors which are RFID equipped were deployed which showed real time data with the PaymyPark application. The app helped to guide the car to the destined location and allowed the remote online payment system for the parked cars [4]. The data was then analysed with the cloud based tool of smart parking to decipher the behavioural patterns of the drivers on how they use the parked spaces which would help Wellington in improving their parking services.
The solution helped Wellington to improve their smart capital approach to the transport choices and the real time analysis of the parking information helped Wellington to improve their usage of parking space, occupancy and turnover rates. The users had to stop worrying about returning back to the car for displaying the parking tickets and allowed it to check the historic data from the SmartRep for implementing proper ways to park in the destination.
The smart cities will be delivered primarily by the governments and the companies and the individuals have to work hard to sustain those developments by indulging in the smart city technologies.
To handle the huge amount of data that are created from smart cities, big data platform will be used. The huge amounts of data needs to be processed and analysed for determining efficient trends and patterns that will be used by big data.
The role of wireless in implementing smart cities can be differentiated into three categories. The first category is Applications. In smart cities, there are several places where applications are used such as smart buildings, smart education, smart transport and smart energy [5]. The wireless technologies are used here in operation centres, citizen portals, enterprise portals and city dashboards.
Next comes the backend systems, where the wireless technologies such as Zigbee and low energy Bluetooth are used for billing, AAA, BSS, OSS and integration and analytics [6]. Wireless technologies such as SnMP and MQTT are used in Tablets, phones, motes and nodes, controllers and gateways.
Wireless technologies such as 3G, 4G, 5G, Bluetooth low energy, DASH 7, Enocean, ETSI LAN, LoRa, WAvenis, Wifi and Zigbee are used in smart cities. These are used as the sensors in the IoT devices consume low battery power which is essential for powering up a smart city infrastructure. Moreover, these technologies are used because of their low cost in implementation. The combination of cost restraints and low requirement of power are the main reason for implementing the wireless technologies and a bunch of protocols are used to function them properly.
There are several challenges that needs to be addressed by IoT in smart cities especially smart parking. Presently over 50% people live in cities. This number is likely going to increase in the coming years which will decrease the quality of life. Autonomous cars and electric vehicles are still not included in the smart parking scenario. Without human interaction, these AI vehicles pose as a challenge for the smart parking technology [3]. To enhance mobility, the city infrastructure needs to be improved and the public transport has to evolve with the changing scenario. Dynamic systems should be available so that the traffic can be guided properly to the parking destination. For the prosperity of the smart cities, the IoT and the other vehicles should try to reach the zero carbon footprint to enhance sustainability of the environment. Ecological and effective parking needs to be encouraged so that the drivers can find a proper parking spot safely and quickly with the minimum consumption of energy.
Other challenges include improper lighting of the garages and lack of smart lights for safe parking conditions. Electric vehicle charging stations need to be implemented in the parking garages to attract more customer base for the proposed technology [13]. Lastly, the smart parking technology needs to take into account the increasing number of AI vehicles on the street and needs to incorporate proper vehicle guidance system for driverless cars to park safely.
The integration of IoT in the smart cities also enables the open sharing of data and allows more engagement among citizens which is important for improving the life of citizens, decrease costs and increase productivity [2]. Implementing the smart parking would be a major investment for the company and government. Reports state that currently for every vehicle there are four parking spots available. This technology will enhance the ability to find these spots and even create more available spots. With the rise in population and urbanization, it is crucial to implement this technology effectively to provide a convenient and well planned solution for parking that can be used all around the world.
References
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