Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey Of Issues And Solutions – Reflection On Antenna Types

Overview of Antenna Types Used in Communication

An antenna is described as an assortment of parts which are related to transmitters or gatherers. Reception apparatus conveyed some electromagnetic impact remembering the true objective to deliver an electric current. The key receiving wire was made by Heinrich Hertz in the year 1888 and he has conveyed dipole reception apparatus which can be used for both transmitter and recipient (Zou, Cryan, &Klemm, 2014). Radio wire is depicted as a transducer which is utilized to change over RF rehash into turning current. It can be utilized for both transmitter and recipient circuits to transmits and get standard or data. There are different vocations of a tolerant wire, for example, in WLAN, telephone, TV, satellite correspondence, and in the military for correspondence. Radio waves are incorporated EM waves that pass on data or flag by methods for air at the speed of light. A transmitter is a sort of receiving wire which is utilized to transmit motion starting with one area then onto the next and collector is utilized to get these transmitted data. The primary idea if the transmitter is that believer’s radio waves into electrical signs (Zhu, Wang, & Hong, 2015).

Yagi-Uda antenna is generally called a yagi-uda RF receiving the wire and this kind of radio wire is used where the high extent of getting and directivities are required. This sort of radio wire is particularly unmistakable for TV and the essential good position of this gathering device is that it can give high expanding movement at beneficiary. Yagi-Uda is a most key kind of tolerating wire which is utilized on TV from a most recent couple of years. The key favored edge of this getting wire is that is surrendering a high pick of the information flag and high directivity. The rehash degree of yagi-uda tolerating wire is proper around 30 MHz to 3GHz. There are three sections of this tolerant wire, for example, overseers, reflector, and driven (Li, Ban, Xu, Wu, Kang, & Yu, 2016).

                                                 Figure: Yagi-Udaantenna

                                               

                                        (Source: Li, Ban, Xu, Wu, Kang, & Yu, 2016)

 

extremely Easy to handle and control	preservation price is incredibly high
Give High Gain	This antenna depends upon climate situation
small power consumption	Prone to blare
The frequency of this transmitter is extremely high

Yagi-Uda Antenna and Its Applications

The primary horn antenna type was made in the year 1897 and it is one of the most established sorts of radio wire whose shape looks like a horn. Horn gathering mechanical assembly is utilized to Increase the radiation productivity and get off the electron shaft. The repeat extent of horn gathering device is 400 MHz to 40 GHz and present to 1 kW control (Costantine, Tawk, Barbin, & Christodoulou, 2015). There are three sorts of horn gathering mechanical get together utilized in correspondence, for example, sectorial horn, rectangular horn, and cone-shaped horn. Horns getting wires are utilized at high-rehash application, utilized as a feed part, and in addition used to pick the specific parameter of the radio wires. This sort of accepting wire can be used to trade radio signs from a waveguide out into air and space and it was surrounded by round and empty metal tube in the condition of the horn. The essential reason for this shape is to make a number of RF waves immediately (Eom, Seo, & Lim, 2015).

                                                         Figure: Horn antenna

                                         

                                                   (Source: Eom, Seo, & Lim, 2015)

 

The corresponding impedance of this antenna is especially high-quality rather than yagi-uda	flicker angle of this antenna is extremely high
Horn antenna required small lobes	protection cost is very high
Slim beam breadth	This is very multifaceted to design
Generate high directivity

Cell phone antenna is remarkably contrasted with other types of the antenna which are routinely used in mobile phones. It is also called as a cell phone getting wire that surrenders high pick and strengthened banner at authority. Exactly when any individual trade movement beginning with one region then onto the following then there are various mishaps occur through which nature of banner can be lessened so to improve nature of banner this kind of getting wires are used. There is the various employees of this kind of reception apparatus, for instance, in TV, PDAs, for military correspondence and for satellite correspondence (Fang, Cho, Zhang & Perez, 2016).

                                             Figure: Cellular antenna

                     

Horn Antenna and Its Characteristics

                                              (Source: Fang, Cho, Zhang& Perez, 2016)

 

the capability of this antenna is extremely high	This antenna needed infrastructure process
compact overall interfering	Required handover system
short extend power	This is very complex to design
extra accurate

These entire three gathering devices can be used for correspondence reason yet in which cell phone antenna is phenomenally contrasted with different receiving wires since this radio wire can be sued for long partition correspondence. In a future mobile phone, antennas can be used in each PDA and issue of range can be diminished by growing by and large repeat broaden. As needs are people can use these reception apparatuses for singular uses and cell accepting wire can be used for adaptable correspondence.

A wireless network refers to an advanced technology in which banner or data can be traded from transmitter to beneficiary without electric connections. In this advancement, there is no relationship among the transmitter and gatherer that infers the two sources does not require any interfacing wires. Remote systems are additionally called as PC systems which are not associated by any wire or link that implies transmitter and beneficiary are not associated by any electric wires and links. The utilization of remote innovation expanded by and large effectiveness and profitability of numerous PC frameworks and gadgets. Remote system conventions utilize radio wave signs to exchange information starting with one gadget then onto the next fringe gadget (Mallick, 2016).

There are numerous categories of wireless systems protocols accessible in markets which are following

• LTE
• Wi-Fi
• Bluetooth
• Zigbee and Z-wave

LTE is characterized as a long-haul development which is one of the most recent propelled renditions of cell organizes conventions. Before LTE there are numerous different remote system framework is utilized, for example, GPRS, EV-DO, and HSDPA yet LTE changed the method for correspondence. In this cutting-edge innovation, numerous versatile association is utilizing this innovation in advanced mobile phones since this convention expanded speed of information exchange and enhanced adequacy of fringe gadgets. The fundamental goal of this convention is to enhance low information rate and decrease wandering issues of more seasoned system conventions. This convention can give in excess of 100 Mb for each second and it can’t be valuable for home and neighborhood (Rodemerk, &Galster, 2015).

 

It can support both data signals and voice	Complex to design
Support MIMO	Maintenance cost is very large
Large bandwidth	Limited and not applicable for all devices
Great in speed rather than other cellular system protocols

This is present wireless system convention which diminished impediments of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. It is described as IEEE 802.15.4 which gives strange state correspondence structure that conveys singular zone frameworks. This is more reasonable and more successful rather than Wi-Fi tradition. The repeat extent of this tradition is from 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz. This kind of system convention can be utilized for home computerization which gives a stage to screen and control lights, fringe gadgets and home machines (Bhattacharyya, Kim, & Pal, 2010).

 

small power utilization	This is incredibly high in price
Zigbee is shockingly simple to monitor and control	fewer safe and sound rather than Wi-Fi
This is extremely humble in creation	A required acquaintance of networks

Cell Phone Antenna and Its Advantages

Wi-Fi implies as wireless fidelity that can be used for remote correspondents and the repeat extent of this tradition is from 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz. In this tradition two devices or PC system are related through Wi-Fi hotspot and after that customers can send or get any information’s (Li, Li, &Vasilakos, 2013). The IEEE gathering of this tradition is 802.11. Wi-Fi can be utilized for little separation specifically office and in building yet because of low recurrence go this can’t be utilized for long separation correspondence (Pothuganti, &Chitneni, 2014).

 

Increased mobility	Low-frequency range
Low cost	Low reliability
More convenience rather than Bluetooth	Less secure
Increased Productivity	Cannot be used for all peripheral devices

• Increased many security risks and threats
• Data transmit in space which can be easily hacked by much software
• Data can be lost at any step
• Slow in speed through which user cannot receive proper signal or data.
• Occur Ad-hoc problem which data transmits from the transmitter to the receiver (Martinez, Toh, Cano, Calafate, & Manzoni, 2011).

The title of this examination paper is Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions that was created by Rangisetti, A. K., and Tamma, B. R. As indicated by the creator, remote systems are resisting different difficulties in correspondence. I concurred that point in light of the way that there are different difficulties looked by remote systems, for example, security, nature of associations, and low capacity. I watched that the fundamental issue in a remote framework structure is security. The explanation for this issue is that there are different movements that give a hacking framework to our flag or data, by which we lost our information. I observed that it can be settled by utilizing information encryption structure. This approach gives a security of our pennant and gives a true blue yield at a specialist (Dwivedi, Kushwaha, &Vyas, 2009).

The title of this exam paper is architecture for software-defined wireless networking that was engraved by means of Carlos J. Bernardos, Antonio de la Oliva, Pablo Serrano, Albert Banchs, Luis M. Contreras, Hao Jin, and Juan Carlos Zuniga. In this paper, the creator investigated structures association and difficulties looked in remote systems association (Bernardos, Oliva, Serrano, Banchs, Contreras, Jin, and Zúñiga, 2014). In this paper, we respect an SDN procedure for compact structures which is forefront headway of wired systems. We have watched that security is the basic issue for all correspondence structure, However when we exchange information starting with one locale then onto the accompanying utilizing remote systems association than we lost the security of information. Regardless to keep away from this issue we can utilize programming depicted masterminding a correspondence structure. We have additionally examined distinctive sorts of remote systems and their tendencies and obstructions (Sezer, Scott, Chouhan, Fraser, Lake, Finnegan, &Rao, 2013)

According to this paper, we can use software-defined technology for communication purpose and we are using many advanced technologies like IoT, cloud computing through which we can reduce many security risks and threats. In this paper, we analyzed the software-defined networking system and how this technology use in data transfer. The main advantage of this network system is that we can send and receive data from any distance and also increased the overall performance of computer network devices.

References

Zhu, J., Wang, H., & Hong, W. (2015).Large-scale fading characteristics of the indoor channel at the 45-GHz band.IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., 14, 735-738.

Zou, L., Cryan, M., &Klemm, M. (2014). Phase change material-based tunablereflectarray for free-space optical inter/intra chip interconnects. Optics Express, 22(20), 24142-24148.

Li, M. Y., Ban, Y. L., Xu, Z. Q., Wu, G., Kang, K., & Yu, Z. F. (2016). Eight-port orthogonally dual-polarized antenna array for 5G smartphone applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 64(9), 3820-3830.

Costantine, J., Tawk, Y., Barbin, S. E., & Christodoulou, C. G. (2015). Reconfigurable antennas: Design and applications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 103(3), 424-437.

Eom, S. H., Seo, Y., & Lim, S. (2015). Pattern switchable antenna system using inkjet-printed directional bow-tie for bi-direction sensing applications. Sensors, 15(12), 31171-31179.

Fang, Y., Cho, Y. K., Zhang, S., & Perez, E. (2016).The case study of BIM and cloud-enabled real-time RFID indoor localization for construction management applications.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(7), 05016003.

Mallick, M. R. (2016). A Comparative Study of Wireless Protocols With Li-Fi Technology: A Survey. In Proceedings of 43rd IRF International Conference, 20, 8.

Rodemerk, K. S., &Galster, J. A. (2015).The benefit of remote microphones using four wireless protocols. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 26(8), 724-731.

Bhattacharyya, D., Kim, T. H., & Pal, S. (2010). A comparative study of wireless sensor networks and their routing protocols. Sensors, 10(12), 10506-10523.

Pothuganti, K., &Chitneni, A. (2014). A comparative study of wireless protocols: Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi. Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering, 4(6), 655-662.

Li, M., Li, Z., &Vasilakos, A. V. (2013). A survey on topology control in wireless sensor networks: Taxonomy, comparative study, and open issues. Proceedings of the IEEE, 101(12), 2538-2557.

Martinez, F. J., Toh, C. K., Cano, J. C., Calafate, C. T., & Manzoni, P. (2011).A survey and comparative study of simulators for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 11(7), 813-828.

Dwivedi, A. K., Kushwaha, S., &Vyas, O. P. (2009). Performance of Routing Protocols for Mobile Adhoc and wireless sensor networks: A Comparative study. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, 2(4), 101.

Sezer, S., Scott-Hayward, S., Chouhan, P. K., Fraser, B., Lake, D., Finnegan, J., …&Rao, N. (2013). Are we ready for SDN? Implementation challenges for software-defined networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(7), 36-43.