Spaulding Classification system is given by Dr.E.H. The medical devices are divided into categories which are based on the risk of infection involved with their use. The three categories which are based on device usage are :
1) Critical Items: It covers a high risk of infection if they are entering the vascular system so it should be sterile because any microbial contamination can be a cause of transmit diseases. It includes the medical devices like implants, Invasive catheters or any device that touch sterile body cavities.
2) Semi Critical Items: The items contact non intact skin. Metabolic process, medical cares, medical instrument blades, Body part are included in this process. These devices are free from mucous membrane. These items need high level medical care to make chemical disinfectants.
3) Non critical items: This device only touches or focus on intact skin and not on mucous membrane and it does not directly touch the patient.critical Items: The examples of critical items are
2) Semi critical items: It is an instrument which do not enter in soft tissues like :
3) Non critical items: It is an instrument that only comes in contact with intact skin.
The used items is prepared by using sterilization techniques using saturated steam under hot air it is the most reliable and useful method. By this all the bacteria, fungi are inactivated. The tray and cassettes should be used in date order with the oldest date item. It should be kept clean to prevent contamination and should only store sterilised instruments only. There is a particular way by which cassettes are wrapped. The instrument needs to be wrapped properly. If the packing of instrument is not done properly then it is not done
the equipment has not been fully sterilised. Correct packing should be that only a single layer of tray on each rack should be there. The autoclave should not be overfilled and also to arrange the item in such a way that the steam can fully circulate easily. Also the instruction of manufacturer should be followed. Accurate records supports clinically to solve the record effectively. If accurate record keeping takes place it can be easy to take decisions.
Chemical indicator is a substance that gives visibility by change in colour or by concentration of chemical species like an acid in a solution. Methyl yellow is the example of this. It imparts the yellow colour to a solution of alkaline. The change in colour takes places in the process.
1) It provides maximum use of product and also the item is used to its effectively.
2) It gives security that the package is sealed and the item is secure to use. It gives sense of security that the item it safe to use.
3) It performs as a reliable item to use and also a reliable barrier to microorganisms.
4) It allows the air to be completely removed from the product.
5) It does not degrade easily when sterile packages are stored.
6) It also removes the sterilizing agent at the end of the process.
) The strip which was sterile did not change its colour like the user did not remember to place it in the pouch.
2) The air entered the bag because the bag was not sealed properly so the contents of the bag got unsterile.
3) During the entire process the sharp object or item punctured a hole in the pouch. It is important to double pouch the heavy instruments so if any damage or tear happens in the bag it can only affect the inner area of the bag. So that it is assumed that the pouch is properly sealed.
The report should be given to the supervisor immediately and also to doctors and surgical techs. In writing and with date and time document the malfunction. You should also give a Cleaning can precede all the disinfection. If blood, saliva and other debris is not removed it will give interference in microbial inactivation and can compromise the sterilization process. It reduces bio burden and also if all these are not removed then microbes can survive the sterilization process.
The method which can be used to remove all the debris are Rinsing Rinse the instrument under hot water by this all the debris can be removed. If there is proper rinsing of the instrument then debris can be removed easily without any struggle. Advantage can be that all the debris can be removed easily with easy process and the disadvantage is that in small amount the infection remains in the instrument.
By screening and analyzing the patient before conducting the dental surgery can lessen the contamination via aerosol or splatter and also dentist should maintain personal and health hygiene by using gloves, face mask.
Safety data sheet is the most important component of safety and health. Its format can vary from source to source within country. It is used for the information on chemicals and mixtures of chemicals. It covers the instructions for safe use and hazards which are related with a particular product. It contain the information hazards like fire, health and environmental. It also covers the methods that how to work safely with chemical products. It is a plan for safety and development of complete health structure. There are number of information that is present in Sds sheets. It covers the information about the products or items that are considered as hazardous substance or dangerous goods. It include the information about the product, Physical data, First aid measures, Preventive measures, explosion or Fire hazard data, Reactivity data in which the information is of chemical.
Paustenbach, Dennis J. “Important recent advances in the practice of health risk assessment: implications for the 1990s.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 10, no. 3 (1989): 204-243.
McDonnell, G., and P. Burke. “Disinfection: is it time to reconsider Spaulding?.” Journal of Hospital Infection 78, no. 3 (2011): 163-170.
Heyland, Daren K., D. J. Cook, and G. H. Guyatt. “Enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a critical review of the evidence.” Intensive care medicine19, no. 8 (1993): 435-442.
Stefanuto, Peter. “EFFECTIVENESS OF HOSPITAL CENTRAL STERILIZATION PROCESSING VS. CLINIC-BASED STERILIZATION PROTOCOLS: A NON-INFERIORITY TRIAL.” (2014).
Lockhart, Hugh, and Frank Albert Paine. “Packaging of healthcare products.” In Packaging of pharmaceuticals and healthcare products, pp. 188-205. Springer US, 1996.
Anusavice, Kenneth J., Chiayi Shen, and H. Ralph Rawls. Phillips’ science of dental materials. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013.
Berry Jr, Bernie B. “Autoclave tray for surgical apparatus.” U.S. Patent 4,762,688, issued August 9, 1988.
Mangram, Alicia J., Teresa C. Horan, Michele L. Pearson, Leah Christine Silver, William R. Jarvis, and Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. “Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999.” American journal of infection control 27, no. 2 (1999): 97-134.
Coleman, D. C., M. J. O’Donnell, A. C. Shore, J. Swan, and R. J. Russell. “The role of manufacturers in reducing biofilms in dental chair waterlines.” Journal of dentistry 35, no. 9 (2007): 701-711.
Frazier, Linda M., Brent W. Beasley, Gyanendra K. Sharma, and Aliasghar A. Mohyuddin. “Health information in material safety data sheets for a chemical which causes asthma.” Journal of general internal medicine 16, no. 2 (2001): 89-93.
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