Whenever the environmentalists are establishing their notions on a particular aspect, it is obvious and quite reliable for any person who took the opinion, does, or takes any actions regarding the same or based on it. The legislation in recent times are far flexible. Regarding the trade policies between the nations or for that matter, any type of legal policies that easily empowers the states to work with each other or is complementary to each other (Abdinoor,2007). Hence, the question related to stateless societies whether useful for sustainable development or not discussed below.
Sustainable development is a very significant topic today not just for a single nation but also around the whole world. Thus, new schemes or policies steal the limelight and becomes a matter of discussion for any individual or groups, which eventually raise many new aspects about the matters that whether it was required, or not. And if not then, what else could have done (Baum,2008). In this essay a description of whether the stateless societies can help in sustainable development. The policies and comeback related to it and how it can be done, what else is needed from the people and how many of them- hunting and gathering or horticultural can be helpful!
The society/people that, is not under any government in any state, is a Stateless society or a state that has no government or any particular government-owned body to regulate the whole state. Stateless societies are usually those societies in which there is a very less attention of authority. Amongst most of these societies, the authorities do have much power, as they do not hold any permanent positions. Moreover, the local social bodies present, that sought the clashes and disputes on a very small level through some small fixed rules and regulations of their own. Stateless societies are mostly flexible in economic business and traditional practices (Baum, 2008).
Today only, a few stateless societies exist. Now, most of the countries and people around the world are within the sovereign states jurisdiction. In some parts, small state authorities may be less strong or have no power. Over so many decades as of now, the stateless people integrated with the states that have proper societies and government bodies who act as authorities (Vallance, Perkins and Dixon, 2011).
In addition, some political thinkers/ believers, specifically the revolutionaries or in other words the rebellions consider stateless societies as the ideal ones and do not welcome the concept and idea of a state. Whenever the topic of sustainable development comes into one’s mind in keeping the thought of stateless society then it denotes and symbolizes a state, which is a less complex. In conjunction with this, the same is sorted human community as under history, archaeology, for examples: a tribe, chiefdom/a band society, a clan. There are about 500 above clans in Australia (Bendell, 2017).
Sustainable development means “Usage of present resources in the environment in such a manner, that the future generation can also make full use of it”. In other words, it can be clearly stated, “Judicious use of resources, in order to meet today’s as well as tomorrow’s demands”. When the topic is sustainability, in that case- many countries actually implement various policies regarding the same. The UN has always maintained a protocol that whosoever is the member of UN will have to make sure that new policies and laws to be implemented for sustainability. However, it is still not working in the same manner as it was expected and planned. Today, there are many techniques and machinery available all over the world (Vavik and Keitsch, 2010).
Nevertheless, there is a point of view that if like it was earlier the stateless societies without any authorities were so good in sustainable development then why not today. There were humans living known as hunter-gatherers in a society during that time, who used to wander around in the wild woods and gather their food by collecting wild plants and wild animals known as “foraging”. Humankind’s most successful adaptation and the very first was Hunting and gathering covering 90% of the history (Bond, 2010).Later on, inventions took place and they were:
In fact, in today’s scenario, there are hardly hunter-gatherers societies are left. They add their foraging activity with either pastoralism or horticulture. There are indigenous Australians who are categorized in to two- Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal who were the descendants from the British colonial times. Australia is the one and only continent where all indigenous are still are hunter-gatherers (Christie and Sidhu,2006)
The recognition took time but yes, indigenous people now have it. They considered as a community but there are no legal rights and remedies for them. The government kept trying hard and harder in order to avail there land and all the resources which they have in their territory (Potts, 2010). However, they have a legal identity but their importance and rights are not respected not even their culture and traditions, territories, resources and so on. Government-owned different companies still capture their land and available resources and even today, the government is planning to acquire their land by hook or crook. In addition, this is why it is one of the most important reasons that why indigenous people issues are also a part of environmental and sustainable development issues. This is a principle fact that why land and resources are the root cause of these issues. Poverty is also amongst these reasons, it not only a development issue but also an environmental issue. UN standards itself states about the most suffered persons in the society is the stateless person such or indigenous people in other words (Cuthill, 2002). Jason Paiement states about indigenous peoples as “The poorest and the most excluded part of the population in the world. They have universally grieved by injustices and unfair in regards to basic rights to life, citizenship, languages, property, and culture (Randolph and Freestone, 2008). Majority of them denied the right to use of essential/ basic services as in the material conditions for living a satisfying life, healthcare, and education”. Nevertheless, the stateless persons do not like denoted or called as poor or excluded just because they are discriminated badly.
Sustainable development is very important, hence, there are many aspects, which adopted by the indigenous society or in other words the people from stateless society to use the resources in order to fulfill present generation needs along with future ones. The one such aspect is – underlining the process of failure caused by dispossession of their inherited lands, loss of indigenous knowledge and their natural resources, and their forced incorporation into developed society and mixing in the market economy (Boström, 2012):
In today’s world the stateless people are important and the aspect which people can adopt today is their inbuilt relationship with environment/nature. The wealth they carry regarding the knowledge of nature, and how they have been using and used the natural resources in their own natural ways from decades for preserving the land is also important. The indigenous peoples strongly upkeep the possibility of a partnership with conservation groups/societies for maintaining biodiversity (Warren, 2010).
Mark Dowie said that for both parties, conserving a “healthy and diverse biosphere” is essential. Furthermore, both societies are trying to conserve one same thing and to defend the same threats. Including- industrial forestry, large-scale development projects like mines/dams and intensive agriculture (Death, 2010).
However, when people in urban societies are worried about nature only for their own use and for their economic well-being, the stateless people are keeping the nature as it is and keep protected areas as their priority. The negligence of indigenous/stateless peoples in conservation programs is half-responsible because of the government and corporate funding and the conditions attached to it. Nevertheless, in the draft of the SDGs (sustainable development goals), the report only gave them a quick and little section in the column of education and hunger (Dempsey, et al., 2011). They are amongst the world poorest people. The major reason for the failure of the indigenous representatives is that they are lacking behind in the section where power is a key and a must thing. The one person who has the power or influence over others things only they are actually the decision- maker. No matter the other person has a better view or knowledge about the whole (Shinn and Magis, 2008).
The indigenous people and not just them but also the population across the globe of stateless people considered as the outsiders both geographically and politically. They are mostly residing in remote areas and this is why they are easily out of power (Vifell and Soneryd, 2012).
Stateless society’s major concern is not to end poverty but to give them recognition in the world and also the power to take part in development goals related to sustainable development goals. A look at the website of the activist group – “Survival International” opens up about the ongoing threats to uncountable tribal peoples (Dinnen, Mcleod and Peake, 2006). The organization stressed the rapid disappearance of the tribe after tribe as “development”. Though the concept of developed and to bring the stateless persons to the government-owned society is quite advanced and well verse, the question arises is why not recognition as stateless/ tribal people.
People who are taking advantage from centuries consider “Development” as an opportunity. However, it is a threat to those who have actually never seen any development. They have hardly enjoyed any fruit, which they have generated, or have grown with their help. The competition for the battle of development and economy growth, people have become more selfish and fiercer without having the knowledge of the natural resources misuses. A powerful and meaningful statement in the reports today can bring a huge change in the mentality of the people on a broader level (Feltes, 2007).The main concern is about the per capita income and financial growth and n nothing more than that. In addition, this is the reason that the stateless people are lacking behind in everything. Their ideas of conservation and usage of resources injudicious manner in different natural and encouraged worldwide. The government’s silence is not a new thing but giving stateless people, power would mean that they have to bear their powers for them, which the government is not willing to do. The maximum to maximum can provide few legal and basic rights and acquire whatever they want to fulfill their selfish hunger.
The stateless society people have always given a statement that if the government wants they can join hands and they will work for years (Gleeson and Low, 2002).
The tribal or indigenous people will never show their back when asking for support and help. They can make appreciated contributions as well. The community states that why they are needed in SDG programs. In addition, how are they useful than today’s measures and they are as follows:-
The Agenda 2030 related to SDGs, approved by all United Nations Members, shared a view for prosperity and peace for the planet and people now and in the future, which is a necessary and important for every developed and developing nation in the world (Griessler and Littig, 2005). They say that the entire environment related issues and other problems like those that poverty must go together to reserve forests and oceans. In addition, there are solutions such as- by improving education and health, reduction of inequality and division of economy.
In the outside real world, there are many problems faced by stateless societies not only regarding this but also in every area, which is necessary for livelihood. The struggle regarding the education facilities, property, and healthcare in addition to important documents such as birth and death certificate, marriage, passport etc. is very difficult and intolerable situation in front of these people (Li Ang and Wilkinson, 2008). All these things make the commute system bad and almost impossible for an individual. Stateless persons are weak to subjective or uninformed arrest, detention, and struggle hard to access the judiciary as well as police system (Haines, Alleyne, Kickbusch, and Dora, 2012). Stateless persons do want to contribute to the welfare of the state though they considered an outsider. The term sustainable development in their heads is not something, which is for the monetary benefit for their own self, but it is something, which is an obvious thing to do as a contributor to the environment. They have a perception that whatever anyone has, it is by nature and it will take it back, eventually (Murphy, 2012).
A moderated sense of sustainable development brings big problems related to one’s own health and generation. The government put emphasis on adopting the new policies and methods to use the resources in a rightful way. They do not count, believe, or rely on any technique, which Statelessness people suggest (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). They should also regard as a development issue. In today’s world, stateless people are less known also considered as outsider but this needs to be changed and requires the perfect amount of importance and acceptance from society as a whole.
Finally, this essay concludes by restating the importance of involving stateless persons in the process of sustainable development goals. Their dedicated discussions and participation, and accountability make them more responsible and ensure that they will work in a proper and systematic way. The stateless people, who have been out for such a long time, must now be included and shall be a part of the environmental programs including sustainable development goals. To start with, steps to consider is-
Overall, today’s means and measures for sustainable development is wise but implementing the ideas and people of stateless people will be wiser.
References:
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Baum, S. (2008) Making space for social inclusion. People and place, 16(4), pp.32.
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Bond, S. (2010) Best of the best in green design: drivers and barriers to sustainable development .in Australia. Pacific Rim Real Estate Society, pp. 24-27.
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Christie, P., and Sidhu, R. (2006) Governmentality and ‘fearless speech’: framing the education of asylum seeker and refugee children in Australia. Oxford Review of Education, 32(4), pp.449-465.
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