Describe about the Statistical Mix Model Analysis?
Researchers conduct the study from the six different faculties from four institutes which includes 700 undergraduate. After the exclusion of missing values from the total number of valid questionnaire, it was 692. With questionnaire, they include three sections for students also collect the data through that questionnaire. For the analysis of data researchers used simple statistical technique. After study, it found that 198studdent (28.6%) adopted performance goal and 494student (71.4%) adopted mastery goal. Cronbach’s alpha test also used by researchers based on reliability.
In this section we have to see the some literature review and ANOVA used in the survey of engineering students regarding plagiarism and academic misconduct. For this article, researcher collects the data for the plagiarism cases from the engineering students and then classifies this data according to different categories of plagiarism. Type of category for plagiarism is selected according to the method of plagiarism used in the academic misconduct by the students. After collecting this data, the researcher calculates some descriptive statistics for this data regarding the plagiarism. Researcher wants the check the hypothesis that all methods of plagiarism used in the same extent or any particular method of plagiarism used more during the academic misconduct by the student. For this purpose, researcher used the ANOVA test. The null and alternative hypothesis for the ANOVA tests is given as below:
Null hypothesis: All methods of plagiarism are used in the same extent.
Alternative hypothesis: All methods of plagiarism are not used in the same extent or any particular method of plagiarism used in more extent.
For checking or testing this claim, the researcher finds out the test statistic value F for this ANOVA test and then finds the p-value associated with this F test statistic value. After comparing this p-value with the given level of significance, the researcher draws the conclusions about different plagiarism methods used by student during academic misconduct.
In survey of Samford University students regarding plagiarism and academic misconduct, we have to test the independence of two categorical methods of plagiarism by using the chi square test of independence. Researcher used the chi square test of independence for checking or testing the hypothesis that the two categories of plagiarism are independent from each other. Let us see this test and its procedure used by researcher given below:
For testing the claim or hypothesis regarding the independence of two categories of plagiarism, the researcher used the chi square test for independence for the two different categorical variables. The main assumption for this test is given as the data for both variables should be from same population. For this test, researcher establishes the null and alternative hypothesis. Then researcher finds out the test statistic value by using the test statistic formula and then finds out the p-value associated with this test statistic value. After comparing the p-value with the given level of significance, researcher draws the conclusion about the null hypothesis whether the null hypothesis is rejected or not.
This article is regarding with the lecturers’ perceptions of plagiarism among university students. In this article, the researcher collects the data of different types of plagiarism occurred in the university during the exams. Researcher collects the data and divides this data according to the different categories of plagiarism types. Then researcher finds out some descriptive statistics for this data and compares all types in terms of averages and other aspects. Data is mainly collected from the university lecturers’ and researcher collects the reviews of different lecturer’s for the reason of plagiarism. Researcher wants to find out the main reason for the plagiarism by students in exam. Researcher divides the different review by different lecturers in some categories and then labels these categories. Then researcher finds out the relationship between the different reasons and plagiarism by students.
For the section 2, we have to search the five journal articles from the EBSCO or Google scholar. The following articles are taken from the Google scholar. Let us see all these articles step by step given below:
Article 1:
Response Rate and Completeness of Questionnaires: A Randomized Study of Internet versus Paper-and-Pencil Versions
For this article, the researcher used the randomized design for the purpose of comparing the paper and the pencil questionnaire with an internet version of the same questionnaire. For this research, researcher collects the data for different response rate and the completeness of questionnaire. Researcher used the sample of 533 women for checking the claim regarding the difference between given two methods. All these participant women are randomly divided into two groups. One group is given a paper and pencil to complete the questionnaire and other group of women is given a internet or computer to complete this questionnaire. After completion of this questionnaire, researcher collects the data regarding the response time both for paper pencil and internet questionnaire. Also, researcher collects the data regarding the time taken for completion of questionnaire for both methods. Then researcher compares these both methods by performing some statistical analysis. At last, researcher draws some conclusions about these two methods.
This article is taken from the following link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2047288/
Internet-based e-banking and consumer attitudes: an empirical study
Abstract
For this article, researcher studies the internet based e-banking and the consumer attitudes. Researcher wants to study the consumer attitude towards the usefulness and willingness to use of the internet banking. For this purpose, researcher arranges a survey in Singapore and then collects the data for different consumers and their habit of using e-banking. Researcher also checks or studies the other aspects of using e-banking by consumers. Also, researcher finds out the relationship between the e-banking and the availability of the accuracy, security, network speed, user-friendliness, user involvement and convenience. Then researcher uses the multiple regression models which include the above variables.
Some more information for this article is given on the following link:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720601000970
Experimental study of Internet stability and backbone failures
Abstract:
For this article, researcher arranges the study of internet stability and the backbone failures. For this purpose, researcher collects the data from the different persons who use internet most of the time. Researcher collects the data regarding the backbone failures for these persons. The stability of the internet path is depends on the telecommunication switching system and the higher level software and hardware components. For this experiment, the researcher provide the analysis of the stability of major paths between the internet service providers based on the experimental instrumentation of key portions of the internet infrastructure.
We can get more information regarding this article on the following link:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=781062&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D781062
Longitudinal study of Internet traffic in 1998-2003
Abstract
For this article, the researcher studies the internet traffic within different regions. The data was collected from the year 1998 to 2003. Due to increasing number of internet users, the problem of internet traffic observed so many times and researcher collects the data for such traffic times. Then researcher analyse this data according to the different composition of the traffic by the different protocols. Also, researcher finds out the different aspects regarding the internet traffic and causes of internet traffic.
The detailed information for this article is given on the following link:
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=984747
Surfing the Net in Later Life: A Review of the Literature and Pilot Study of Computer Use and Quality of Life
Abstract
For this article, the researcher studies the relationship between the computer use and the quality of life. Researcher collects the data regarding the computer use and quality of life. After analyzing this data, researcher finds out the benefits and relationship of use of computer and its effects on the quality of life. Researcher also studies the different aspects for using the computer and not using the computer. Researcher shows that how the computer save our time and provides the time for other things for improving the quality parameters of life. For this research, researcher checks the electronic mail system and other systems. After doing this research, researcher draws some conclusions about his study regarding the use of computer and quality of life.
We can get more information about this article on the following link:
https://jag.sagepub.com/content/18/3/358.short
In this section, we have to discuss the two articles out of five articles given in the second section. We select the article 1 and 2 for discussion. Let us see the discussions for these articles in detail:
Response Rate and Completeness of Questionnaires: A Randomized Study of Internet versus Paper-and-Pencil Versions
Research in quality of life traditionally relies on paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Easy access to the Internet has inspired a number of studies that use the Internet to collect questionnaire data. However, Internet-based data collection may differ from traditional methods with respect to response rate and data quality as well as the validity and reliability of the involved scales.
We used a randomized design to compare a paper-and-pencil questionnaire with an Internet version of the same questionnaire with respect to differences in response rate and completeness of data.
Women referred for mammography at a Danish public hospital from September 2004 to April 2005, aged less than 67 years and without a history of breast cancer, were eligible for the study. The women received the invitation to participate along with the usual letter from the Department of Radiology. A total of 533 women were invited to participate. They were randomized to receive either a paper questionnaire, with a prepaid return envelope, or a guideline on how to fill in the Internet-based version online. The questionnaire consisted of 17 pages with a total of 119 items, including the Short Form-36, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and questions regarding social status, education level, occupation, and access to the Internet. Non-respondents received a postal reminder giving them the option of filling out the other version of the questionnaire.
The response rate before the reminder was 17.9% for the Internet group compared to 73.2% for the paper-and-pencil group (risk difference 55.3%, P < .001). After the reminder, when the participant could chose between versions of the questionnaire, the total response rate for the Internet and paper-and-pencil group was 64.2% and 76.5%, respectively (risk difference 12.2%, P = .002). For the Internet version, 97.8% filled in a complete questionnaire without missing data, while 63.4% filled in a complete questionnaire for the paper-and-pencil version (risk difference 34.5%, P < .001).
The Internet version of the questionnaire was superior with respect to completeness of data, but the response rate in this population of unselected patients was low. The general population has yet to become more familiar with the Internet before an online survey can be the first choice of researchers, although it is worthwhile considering within selected populations of patients as it saves resources and provides more complete answers. An Internet version may be combined with the traditional version of a questionnaire, and in follow-up studies of patients it may be more feasible to offer Internet versions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2047288/
Experimental study of Internet stability and backbone failures
Abstract:
In this paper, we describe an experimental study of Internet topological stability and the origins of failure in Internet protocol backbones. The stability of end-to-end Internet paths is dependent both on the underlying telecommunication switching system, as well as the higher level software and hardware components specific to the Internet’s packet-switched forwarding and routing architecture. Although a number of earlier studies have examined failures in the public telecommunication system, little attention has been given to the characterization of Internet stability. We provide analysis of the stability of major paths between Internet Service Providers based on the experimental instrumentation of key portions of the Internet infrastructure. We describe unexpectedly high levels of path fluctuation and an aggregate low mean time between failures for individual Internet paths. We also provide a case study of the network failures observed in a large regional Internet backbone. We characterize the type, origin, frequency and duration of these failures.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=781062&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D781062
References:
1. David Freedman, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.
2. Morris H. DeGroot, Mark J. Schervish Probability and Statistics, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley, 2001.
3. Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972.
4. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004.
5. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001.
6. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 1979.
7. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.
8. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1967
9. Harald Cramér, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 1946
10. Laubach RS, Koschnick K. Using Readability: Formulas for Easy Adult Materials. Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press, 1977.
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