Discuss about the Energy Efficiency in Australia Hospitals.
Management of energy through various strategies is a practical aspect as it reduces the energy cost; protect the environment and saves money. Australian energy consumption rate rose by 2% to about 6.100 pet joules in 2016(Court, Jouvet & Lants, 2018, p.31). The level is the highest amount of energy that has ever been experienced by the energy sector. During 2015-16 the energy productivity: that’s the gross domestic divided by the energy consumption, was relatively flat with the subsequent annual growth of 2% for the successive ten years. Most of the institutions in Australia depend on energy for their daily operations and consume a lot of energy. Energy consumptions by sectors in Australia differ about the size, type of services and the intensity of the machines. The total of energy consumption by Hospitals is quite high since they operate on the daily basis of the 24hrs system all the year (Papineau 2017, p.198). In these hospitals, there are always significant buildings with vast machines and lighters that are important in maintaining the lifecycle of the patients within the vicinities. The daily usage of energy in such hospitals is considered high.
In the current world, fuel-based energy such as old natural gas coal, fossils, and water generated power are the significant sources of energy used in most of the industrial activities (Ozkan 2018, p. 42). Above 48 % of the industrial energy needs are met by use of coal that are significant emitters of carbon (ii) oxide into the atmosphere, which has reasonable adverse effects on the natural environment. Research shows that shortly, most of the renewable energy will be depleted hence most of the power driven activities will be stranded thus calling for efficient strategies used in managing the energy consumptions are essential in decreasing the hospital’s energy bills(Croner & Frankovic 2018,p.110). Therefore this paper explores the possible strategies that can be used by Australian hospitals in reducing energy consumptions.
Energy refers to efforts or power used to perform a task. In this context, energy refers to the power obtained from the utilization of chemical resource to produce heat and light. Hospitals use different forms of energy in the daily operations such as electricity, fuel, gas, wood, thermal and solar (Pincetl et al 2014, p.873). The latter forms of energy are considered as the renewable and are always cheap as compared to others.
Energy forms a vital input in every institution’s operations and the whole country and with the increasing number of industries and organizations; the energy demand also increases considerably. The high demand of energy ignites the cost met by such institutions in acquiring the energy services resulting into high operation cost for the respective organizations. The cost is quite high for institutions such as hospitals that depend on the energy to save the lives of individuals especially those that are in comma state: require throughout supply of power to operate the machines (Burpee & McDade 2014, p.32). The full-time usage of energy by hospitals, resulting in high energy bills calls for proper management of the energy to make the hospital because of operations to be manageable. Otherwise, there will be significant losses.
Australia energy use intensity varies from less than 100 to more than 1800 kBtu/ft square across all the hospital with hospitals that are at the 95th percentiles consuming three times more than those that at the 5th percentile(Cuddeback 2014,p.152). The consumptions of energy by the hospitals differ by various characteristics such as full-time equivalent, number of staffed beds per square meter
Energy efficiency refers to the quantity of energy that is required to facilitate the output of activity. It is the ratio between the amounts of outcome performance; goods services ad compared to the energy input (McCaffrie 2016, p.874). The efficiency of energy is measured through the relationship of E/O whereby the E is the total amount of consumed energy while is the total output of performance and services.
The energy saving measures and strategies in hospitals will ensure that the rate of consumption is reduced, a strategy that is advantageous to both the institutions and the country as a whole. (Poullikras, Kourtis & Hadijipaschalis 2013, p.989). Among the strategies that Australia hospitals are categorized under there aspects that are simple measures, low-cost measures and reconstruction measures.
The simple measures form strategies that do not require much money to implement and are always applied on a daily basis (Rabner 2012, p.8). The measures always depend on the behaviour of the energy users within the vicinity such as switching off the sockets and lamps that are not in use and also using natural light during the day instead of the artificial light. These measures are always cultured and adopted by the employees depending on the rules laid by the hospitals.
The low-cost measures entail activities and actions that are undertaken once in an extended period and always financed by the existing administrators of the hospitals. Such costs at times may be returned to the investor within the same administrative year that is usually less than two years. Finally, the reconstruction measures are actions that require a considerable amount of capital to implement (Di Giuljo et al 2017, p.245). The implementation of such measure always requires a socio-techno-economic survey to access the viability of the investment.
However, most of these measures lie in the daily operations of the hospital that attract a high amount of energy. The 24hr operation system of most of the hospitals in Australia needs strategies that will ensure that the energy consumption is reduced to the minimal level (Pinetl et al 2014, p.872). Some of the possible plans for the 24hr system lies on the lighting, air-condition, electricity, and heating.
Most of the hospitals use electricity as a form of energy. However some also use gases for cooking staffs and patient’s foods, and warming of the patient’s rooms to control temperature. The everyday use of such energy results into high consumptions and these can be addressed through the introduction of alternatives such as thermal insulation for gas consumption, using insulation to non-insulated buildings. Additionally, usage of natural gas instead of oil can be of great significance and can reduce the consumption of energy to about 25% from 60%.
The most efficient way of addressing energy consumption through heating today is through construction and instalment of co-generation system purposed to produce heat and electricity at the same time reducing the level of consumption. The co-generation also commonly known to as combined heat and power simultaneously produce two forms of energy from a single fuel and are capable of operating up to 70 per cent higher efficiency than single-generations facilities. The system utilizes what is to be wasted such as a pollutant, by producing extra energy, eventually saving the environment.This strategy has been employed by Mater Hospital in Australia that has provided the hospital with an N+1 redundancy. Using the system, the hospital was able to reduce energy consumption by approximately 14 percent (kWh) hence reducing energy demand by46 precent (kVa).
The most common gas-generation that can be used by the hospitals is a gas-fired generator. The co-generation plants produce both electricity for lighting and heat energy for heating water, space heating and sterilization of surgical equipment’s (Mart et al. 2016, p.1254). Shortly, the tri-generators will be more applicable when fully launched into the market, since the new machines consume the extra heat in the absorption chiller to generate cold water used for air conditioning system in the same facility.
The process is called solar cooling and is advantageous since it is a renewable form of energy with no greenhouse gas emissions. The system is applicable in hot areas that have long hot periods and will save a lot of energy and cost to the hospitals that will adopt the tri-generator (Stojiljkovic et al. 2012). Additionally, the hospitals can employ heat pumps such as such those designed from the sewage and solar energy to heat water system.
Hospital lighting sector consumes a lot of energy to give clear illumination during night and daytime, especially in operations rooms. To manage the amount of the energy consumed in lighting, hospitals need to employee energy saving potential lights and bulbs in the indoors positions (Lee et al 2018). While on the outdoor positioning, that requires security lamps with bright lights, capacitors can be used to correct the power consumptions hence reducing to a considerable amount of about 50%.
The lighting of new hospitals can be enhanced during the constructions by having a design that maximizes the use of natural daytime to decrease the quantity of non-natural light needed: through this, considerable lighting cost is saved. Studies that assessed the role of natural light in buildings suggest those brighter sunlit rooms reduce stress and depression among the patients, hence reducing their stay in hospitals. The reduction of the stay period is indirectly linked with the energy consumption in those hospitals.
A large number of Australian’s hospitals is always populated with patients that require fresh air and stable temperature all the time through the use of a cooling system that consumes a lot of energy (Cubi et al 2015, p.231). The cooling system should be energy saving in that the design should allow better control whenever needed. However, adequate thermal insulations and improvement and maintenance of the system are capable of reducing the needs for cooling.
Hospitals can also adopt low energy efficient ways of ventilating the rooms of the hospitals such as displacement ventilation (Melikov 2016, p.116). Through this, the outside air is impelled in at the base level; whereby the cold air will push the warm air that had been collected in the room upwards towards the roof and escape to the atmosphere through the exhaust system. The system is more favourable than overhead ventilation supply system a less costly since less energy is consumed.
Hospitals can considerably reduce the electricity consumption through the adoption of new technologies that have low electricity consumptions, unlike the old motors that require a large amount of energy to operate (Fraile, San-Jose & Gonzalez-Alonso 2014, and p.3284). Additionally, hospitals can correct power through the use of capacitors to reduce the energy consumptions. Shortly, health facilities will be efficient and buildings will be constructed in a good manner to have energy saving and efficient structures, where health workers will be in a contended and well lit workplace provided by the solar system(Pinto & Castor 2017,p.69).
Other new technologies such Ice Cold strategy in the health industry will aid to counteract an extra waste of energy that can be managed by the proper action of environmental awareness. It will expand the lifetime of the apparatus and reduce its maintenance price whereas reducing the energy consumption (Jiajub,Claridge & Linyan 2018, p.76). Ice Cold is an exceptional and proven explanation for refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It has a mechanised synthetic formula, comprised of two catalysts and an advanced lubricant, designed specifically to remove oil fouling and prevent it from reforming
Energy is a vital aspect of every hospital in Australia, and they cannot operate without it. The 24hr system, the high number of users forms factors that affect the daily and amount of energy used by most hospitals, that attract a significant amount of money from the hospital’s profits. Additionally, the high amount required by hospital results into energy deficit in Australia, therefore maximizing the efficient use of energy is the first and vital step in reducing the energy consumption and creating hospitals sustainability.
Energy efficient strategies cover daily aspects such as lighting, heating, and air-conditioning and electricity consumptions by heavy and old machines. Proper management of activities in these alternatives helps in reducing the energy consumption by an average of 45%.
This Chapter pinpoints the central areas of study and outlines the epistemological approaches that arise as a consequence of the domain of the study, its scope and nature. The study employs a variety of research designs and rationale to investigate the multiple case studies presented in the work. Subsequently it details data collection methods and analyses approaches are covered.
As identified in the literature review, the energy efficiency and conservation methods that are staff-centred is the future of carbon reduction in Australian hospitals. However, the assumptions currently existing towards the potential of the same are rather vague. In the future, it will be prudent to evaluate energy efficiency initiatives of behavioural nature relative to the physical context of the hospital building, service provision structure and health care process. To close this gap in the pool of knowledge, this study’s aim is constructed as follows; how clinical staffs influence electricity consumption in hospitals do and what role can they play in the reduction of the energy spending?
More particularly, the study seeks to achieve the following objectives through case study analyses;
This study hypothesizes that the impact of clinical staff on the hospital’s consumptions –without regard to the constraints-is dependent on the structural organization and the arrangement of departmental procedures (specifying requirements for electricity with respect to operating hours).
There are two dimensions that effectively capture this concept;
Logic infers the larger reasoning that is applied in the course of the study. This research employs the deductive process. This approach operates from the top-down. It involves moving from the general to the more specific (Ryan 2018 p. 17) the research identifies influence of clinical staff on managing the energy efficiency in the hospital as a general issue and then goes ahead to narrow down to the 4 particular issues as identified in the objectives above.
A research philosophy is the perspective on how data about a specific subject matter should be obtained, how the analysis should be conducted and how the data ought to be utilized (Bunniss et al. 20110 p. 516).This research principally engages the philosophical approach called pragmatism. This research tradition is instrumental in developing ideas. It holds that the import of any statement is dependent on the impact of the same in real life experience. The philosophy submits that empirical studies into the practical significances of ideas are pivotal to the building of knowledge. A pragmatic approach to research puts more emphasis on the research questions and raises the same above the methods of the study. Pragmatic approaches have been demonstrated to be essential in the investigation of not only social but also technical phenomena (Ryan 2018 p. 17). The limitations that arise with the application of this approach is that it requires one to master a broader range of theoretical standpoints as well as data gathering techniques and the data analysis methods. These may have a consequence on the quality of the research. As a method in research, the pragmatic philosophy places the focus between the qualitative and quantitative research methods as follows;
The selection of a relevant study design ought to be guided by the nature of the research question or hypotheses outlined and secondly the degree of influence the researcher can exercise over the particular behavioral events. This research dedicates itself to exploring the interaction of principal hospital staff and the utilization of energy in their departments. It answers to the question of how hospital staffs are relevant in the execution of strategies of energy conservation and efficiency. This study is typical of the studies conducted on the performance of buildings and is seeks to unearth the contests as opposed to containing them (Paulose-Ram, et al. 2017 p. 918). Consequently, a case study design emerges as the most pertinent taking preference over archival analysis and other forms of study designs. This is also supported by the research subject (it makes the research expository) as is contrasted with theory testing because it would be challenging to subject the currently existing evidence to quantitative study since it is too thin. Finally, the case study approach will allow the study to handle a larger volume of data yielded from a variety of methods which is requisite in grasping the complex research questions.
The paper looks at 3 different hospital types in the case study and five departmental types. This variation in hospital types allows the paper to explorer the establishment of composite benchmarks on hospital energy consumption and efficiency based on the determinations made upon the analysis of fata on electricity use. The study focuses on general acute hospitals a since they occupy a larger floor area. The three hospital types were guided by a sampling strategy that employs purposeful variation. Three types of departmental structures were selected with an objective of optimizing sample diversity as follows;
This study makes use of quantitative methods of data collection to evaluate the consumption of electricity in different hospital buildings and departments thereof and determining how this is impacted by the clinical staff of the hospital. Low energy consumption basically arising from use of appliance and lighting occurs apart from the fact that there are also a number of energy services that are provided centrally. These include ventilation and space heating. With regard to the latter, energy is consumed by a central plant and it becomes a challenge to apportion the consumption upon individual department. Following a study of the methodologies available the paper creates an understanding of the use of electricity using two basic components; a bottom –up model and top-down model. Electricity consumption data was collected from hospital departments at least after every half an hour. This included power use such as those arising from coils, fans and heaters as well as lighting loads but excludes ventilation and cooling. For particular departments, automatic meter readings were availed. As for some the electrical measurements were conducted in the distribution boards which served the respective departments using a variety of types of equipment. Three data collection methods were applied;
Room to room inspection of the hospital departments was done and the building plans guided the assessment of the distribution in space of the lighting installations.
Interview guides were drafted to inquire the personal experiences of the clinical staff on their departments and how much influence they have on coming up with and implementing the energy efficiency strategies. The interviews also sought to know if there were any abnormalities in the electricity use profile and how fast such issues were addressed by the hospital management.
Obtaining informed consent forms was an essential part of the study as it is a standard practice to make certain that the rights of those participating in the study are protected.
No major ethical issues came up in this study. In one case, a volunteer nursing officer offered to be interviewed in the study but pulled out after she got the full explanation of the purpose and the procedure of the study. On 5 occasions, staff had to take the interviews in the presence of other staff as there was no room for the interviews to be done in private. Staffs were requested to be honest about whether or not they were comfortable taking the interviews in the presence of the rest or if they preferred to make other arrangements but they preferred the former. This paper recognizes that this may not be an ideal environment from an ethical standpoint as well as from a professional analytical view. The departmental heads authorized the presence of the researcher and all employees were informed of the pending arrival of the researcher and the purpose of his stay. The major challenge for most employees was finding time to take part in the interviews. This is because they had to find someone to cover for them as they took the interviews.
Surveys and energy audits are some of the most employed tools in deterring the levels of energy conservation and efficiency strategies. This study found a number of strategies that could be affected to ensure energy efficiency. Implementing lighting changes can present the hospital with avenues to achieve significant cuts on the consumption of energy. It was noted in the study that most clinical staff do not have influence over the utilization of energy in their work places because most of the major supply are controlled from a central place. All the same strategies of energy conservation ought not to be limited to the employees. It is a broad subject that should include the hospital management and departmental heads. Innovation is a leading contributor to the energy efficiency strategies (Marshall et al. 2018 p. 12). Apart from this, reducing on wasted energy contributes to the achievement of the cuts on energy consumption.
Conclusion
This study espouses the centrality of the strategies that contribute to the conservation of energy. It exemplifies the need for energy efficiency strategies to be carried out in a manner that brings on board all clinical staff to ensure they are part of the implementation of the strategies. Staff and management in the hospital must benchmark energy performance with regard to their lighting uses, air conditioning and space heating needs as well as the ventilation. Use of equipment which are not operating at optimum output is a major contributor to excess energy consumption levels. The state department also supports the use of green energy practices to which implementation of energy efficiency strategies are an integral part.
Clinical staffs have a major role to play in the implementation of energy efficiency strategies in their departments. By doing simple things like switching of computers and equipment when not in use, checking and fixing faulty connections and ensuring that equipment operate at optimum, they could contribute to huge cuts in the utilization of energy. It is also necessary that the various departments benchmark their energy use using internationally recognized tools such as Energy Star Portfolio to assess the facility’s performance and find any ways of incentivizing improvements. Creating a green energy team and/or starting or joining a council for green energy is also a powerful tool in efficient energy management.
List of References
Bunniss, S, & Kelly, DR 2010, ‘Research paradigms in medical education research’, Medical Education, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 358-366. Available from: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03611.x. [14 May 2018].
Burpee, H, & McDade, E 2014, ‘Comparative Analysis of Hospital Energy Use: Pacific Northwest and Scandinavia’, Health Environments Research & Design Journal (HERD) (Vendome Group LLC), 8, 1, pp. 20-44, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Court, V, Jouvet, P, & Lantz, F 2018, ‘Long-Term Endogenous Economic Growth and Energy Transitions’, Energy Journal, 39, 1, pp. 29-57, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Croner, D, & Frankovic, I 2018, ‘A Structural Decomposition Analysis of Global and National Energy Intensity Trends’, Energy Journal, 39, 2, pp. 103-122, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Cubi Montanya, E, Salom Tormo, J, & Garrido Soriano, N 2015, ‘Energy-efficient ventilation control strategies for surgery rooms’, Science & Technology For The Built Environment, 21, 2, pp. 228-237, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Cuddeback, KT 2014, ‘Sustainable Healthcare Architecture 2nd Edition’, Health Environments Research & Design Journal (HERD) (Vendome Group LLC), 7, 2, pp. 151-154, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Di Giulio, R, Turillazzi, B, Marzi, L, & Pitzianti, S 2017, ‘Integrated BIM-GIS based design for high energy efficiency hospital buildings’, TECHNE: Journal Of Technology For Architecture & Environment, 13, pp. 243-255, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Dowling, R, Lloyd, K, & Suchet-Pearson, S 2016, ‘Qualitative methods 1’, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 679-686. Available from: 10.1177/0309132515596880. [14 May 2018].
Dowling, R, Lloyd, K, & Suchet-Pearson, S 2017, ‘Qualitative methods II’, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 823-831. Available from: 10.1177/0309132516664439. [14 May 2018].
Fraile, J, San-José, J, & González-Alonso, A 2014, ‘A Boiler Room in a 600-Bed Hospital Complex: Study, Analysis, and Implementation of Energy Efficiency Improvements’, Energies (19961073), 7, 5, pp. 3282-3303, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Jenkins, MJ 2015, ‘The use of qualitative methods and practitioners-as-authors in journal publications of police research’, Police Practice & Research, 16, 6, pp. 499-511, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Jiajun, L, Claridge, D, & Linyan, W 2018, ‘Analysis of Whole-Building HVAC System Energy Efficiency’, ASHRAE Transactions, 124, Part 1, pp. 72-87, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Lee, J, Ryu, S, & Kim, D 2018, ‘Role of ICT in enhancing energy efficiency of commercial buildings: Case study of optimized energy control system in hospital “P”’, Journal Of Renewable & Sustainable Energy, 10, 2, p. N.PAG, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Marshall, HH, Griffiths, DJ, Mwanguhya, F, Businge, R, Griffiths, AF, Kyabulima, S, Mwesige, K, Sanderson, JL, Thompson, FJ, Vitikainen, EK, & Cant, MA 2018, ‘Data collection and storage in long-term ecological and evolutionary studies: The Mongoose 2000 system’, PLoS ONE, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-15. Available from: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190740. [14 May 2018].
Marti], I, Budimir, S, Mitrovi], N, Maslarevi], A, & Markovi], M 2016, ‘Application And Design Of An Economizer For Waste Heat Recoveryin A Co-Generation Plant’, Thermal Science, 20, 4, pp. 1355-1362, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
McCaffrie, B 2016, ‘Australian Capital Territory July to December 2015’, Australian Journal Of Politics & History, 62, 2, pp. 331-334, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Melikov, AK 2016, ‘Advanced air distribution: improving health and comfort while reducing energy use’, Indoor Air, 26, 1, pp. 112-124, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Ozkan, G 2018, ‘Global Energy Security, International Politics and Renewable Energy Resources’, International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies, 5, 1, pp. 39-47, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Papineau, M 2017, ‘Energy Efficiency Premiums in Unlabeled Office Buildings’, Energy Journal, 38, 4, pp. 195-212, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Paulose-Ram, R, Burt, V, Broitman, L, & Namanjeet, A 2017, ‘Overview of Asian American Data Collection, Release, and Analysis: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018’, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 916-921. Available from: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303815. [14 May 2018].
Pincetl, S, Chester, M, Circella, G, Fraser, A, Mini, C, Murphy, S, Reyna, J, & Sivaraman, D 2014, ‘Enabling Future Sustainability Transitions’, Journal Of Industrial Ecology, 18, 6, pp. 871-882, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Pincetl, S, Chester, M, Circella, G, Fraser, A, Mini, C, Murphy, S, Reyna, J, & Sivaraman, D 2014, ‘Enabling Future Sustainability Transitions’, Journal Of Industrial Ecology, 18, 6, pp. 871-882, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Pinto, G, & Castor, F 2017, ‘Energy Efficiency: A New Concern for Application Software Developers’,
Poullikkas, A, Kourtis, G, & Hadjipaschalis, I 2013, ‘A review of net metering mechanism for electricity renewable energy sources’, International Journal Of Energy & Environment, 4, 6, pp. 975-1001, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Rabner, BS 2012, ‘How To Help Hospitals Achieve Their Mission Through Good Design’, Health Environments Research & Design Journal (HERD) (Vendome Group LLC), 5, 3, pp. 7-11, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Ryan, G 2018, ‘Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory’, Nurse Researcher, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 14-20. Available from: 10.7748/nr.2018.e1466. [14 May 2018].
Stojiljkovi?, M, Blagojevi?, B, Vu?kovi?, G, Ignjatovi?, M, & Mitrovi?, D 2012, ‘Optimization Of Operation Of Energy Supply Systems With Co-Generation And Absorption Refrigeration’, Thermal Science, 16, Supp 2, pp. S409-S423, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 May 2018.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download