Subnetting And IP Fragmentation

R2 has three interfaces. The IP of these interfaces are shown. From the IP of these interfaces, network addresses and Masks are derived. Interfaces are marked by referring the given network diagram.

R3 has three interfaces. The IP of these interfaces are shown. From the IP of these interfaces, network addresses and Masks are derived. Interfaces are marked by referring the given network diagram (NETworking, 2013).

Given IP Block is 139.145.56.0/22

Subnet Mask is 255.255.252.0 (It is a classless SNM)

If we take the SNM and convert the decimal numbers to binary

111111111 11111111 11111100 00000000,

The host’s formula is 2 ^{n – 2}       [ – 2  = 2 IPs are network and broadcast

address ]

= 2 ¹⁰

= 1024

126.145.56.0 – 126.145.59.255

Total number of addresses including network and broadcast address:

1024

Total number of address in this subnet is 1024. Since it has /22 subnet (Lifewire, 2017).

11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000.

Used IP Subnet

The IP address starting from 139.145.56.0 to 139.245.57.79.

IP range in the full subnet is 139.145.56.0 to 139.145.59.255

Free IP range of the subnet: 139.145.57.80 – 139.145.59.255.

IP address in 139.145.58.0 – 255 IP addresses

Used IP’s : 80, Free IP’s : 175 IP addresses

IP address in 139.145.59.0 – 255, Free IP addresses: 255

Total no of Free IP addresses : 430

5600 is the size of the IP datagram. It also includes the header.  5600 bytes packet is received by the router (Study-ccna.com, 2017). The fragments of the data is given below.

· A reason is that the length is increased by 60 bytes

· It created three additional IP headers for each fragment (Lakshminarayanan, Stoica and Shenker, 2017).

· Autonomous system is a group of network which is managed by the single entity. It is a heterogeneous network which is used for the communication in the network (FreeWimaxInfo.com, 2017).

· Inter domain routing is used for the allocation of IP address and IP routing. Inter domain routing is also used to reduce the routing table and routers growth (Watanabe, 2004).

· Autonomous system mostly uses the intra domain networking. A network in the outside of the autonomous system is ignored by intra domain networking. Intra domain networking is also called as interior protocol. OSPF and RIP are the main routing protocols (Cnp3book.info.ucl.ac.be, 2017).

· RIP protocol is mostly used by the WAN and LAN.

· Interior gateway uses the EIGRP protocol.

· Exterior gateway uses the EGP protocol (Ephremides, 2017).

· IS-IS protocol is used as an intermediator in the network devices.

· OSPF protocol also used in the exterior gateway.

· BGP protocol is used to maintain the internet protocol table and this protocol is widely used in the internet (Technet.microsoft.com, 2017).

· The main reason to use the intra domain protocols in internet is it has multiple networks and domains (Nokia Networks, 2017).

· A list of network is grouped to form the network. To establish a communication between the domains, inter domain protocol is used (Kurose, J. and Ross, K. (n.d.).

 Routing methods has some problems, it occurs if the routing table information are not updated in the topology of the network (Ruf et al., 2017).

· Routing loop is one of the network problem which occurs in the routing process. In routing loop problem the packets are forwarded based on the routing table information (www2.eecs.berkeley.edu, 2017).

· If suppose the information in the routing table is not correct then it will lead to a misconfiguration. If the table information are correct, then the packets will be forward to the correct destination (connectone.com, 2017).

· Black hole also a routing method problem which is due to the failure of router.

· In black hole, there is no connection between the IPX and IP protocols.

· Here there is no guarantee for the delivery of the packet (Chen, 2017).

· Black hole will form if the router is reconfigured in the static environment. In a dynamic environment the router, the link will be downed if the router is expired (Erg.abdn.ac.uk, 2017).

The difference between embedded routing and extensible routing is given below.

Embedded routing gives high security for the mobile networks, data, video communication and stationary in the wireless and wired network (Chen, Yuan and Greenberg, 2017), (Wilkins, 2017).

· It consumes high energy. It has high capacity to solve the issues in weight, power and size.

· This embedded routing devices are different from the routers. It is not associated with the gadgets (www.cisco.com, 2017).

Extensible routing is mostly used in the harsh environment (“Routing Problems”, 2017).

·  It has the capacity to solve the weight and power challenges.it is also called as next generation routing.

· It is also used for the market growth (Kalamani and Kumar, 2014).

· The gadgets are associated with the extensible routing.

· It provides less security for the data. It consumes low energy.

· But this routing has high capacity while comparing with the embedded routing  (Puri and Priya, 2015)

· Internet routing is a challenging task for the network administrators in the autonomous system. It has end to end path control (Fibre-systems.com, 2017).

· A traffic flow in the network is known by the network administrators.

· RAAS uses different routing method. It is different from the current routing methods. RAAS allows to customize the routing (Technet.microsoft.com, 2017).

· Internet routing is used in the customized routing.

· RAS uses high level control panel to approach the multiplexes.

· It uses forwarding infrastructure to support high level interfaces (Comer, 2014).

Note: source & destination address are worth 1 mark together

The version number of IPv6 is 6 and theIPv4 : 4.

The size of hop filed: 8bits.

The hop limit is based on the maximum number of links the IPv6 packet traversed. The source and destination IP address has 128 bits length. The extension headers and the upper layer PDU together with Payload Length field (Euclid.nmu.edu, 2017).