Techniques To Improve Efficiency In Electricity Transmission

Background

Electricity consumption has become a efficient thing in this development world. So it is important to make the transmission of the electricity in an efficient way. Adapting the technologies for improving the efficiency of the transmission of electricity is the topic that is going to be taken for the research. The efficient way of transmitting the electricity in all the stages may help in the reduction of the negative impacts of the consumption of energy. The efficient transmission of the electricity in the company level helps in reducing the operational cost of the company’s expenditure and it also improves the profit of the company. Energy efficiency means utilizing the electricity in a cost effective way. Usually the Government plays a vital role in providing the efficiency in electricity transmission and also they are responsible for addressing about the issues in achieving the energy efficiency. So there are many methodologies to improve the efficiency of the electricity transmission. The literature review is performed on articles that address about the methods of improving the efficiency of the electricity transmission. Research question, goals and sub goals of the research and methodologies that is a solution for the research is also being explained in this report. The experimental set up and results are being explained with necessary tabulations and calculations respectively. The different sectors like industry, transport, household, commerce and agriculture requires electricity to make their operations in a proper way. About one third of the world’s population has the scarcity in electricity. The benefits of increasing the effciency of electricity is being discussed in this report.

Improving the efficiency of electricity transmission has been significant in last 20 years. The pricing of transmission is to be focused to make an efficient transmission in electricity. The pricing methodologies for transmitting the electricity should have the capabaility in promoting the cost of transmission which also leads to an efficiency in the economy of the country. This paper focuses on the motivation for the transmission pricing of electricity in an efficient way. It also want to formulate the AC-DC OPF dependent embedded pricing method and it wants to compute the pricing of the transmission network of the country. Their aim in improving the pricing of the electricity transmission are efficiency in economy, transparency in price, coverage of the cost of electricity. The embedded cost methods for pricing the electricity transmision is used for allocating the embedded capital cost of the transmission process. Nodal pricing is a technique that can be used for determining the market clearing prices that are used for several locations of the transmission. The price that is spent on the nodes reveals the value of the location of energy which involves the energy cost and the delivery cost of the energy transmission (Warkad, Khedkar and Dhole, 2009).

Methodologies for improving electricity transmission efficiency

The stakeholders concentrate more on the new type of transmission infrastructure of the line. It is different when compared to the old methodology of transmission lines in the 20th century. Now a days the line of transmitting the electricity is reviewed as a means of blight on the landscape and a main threat for the biodiversity which has a negative impacts on the values of property. An approach called BESTGRID is adpated for deploying the grids of the electricity which has a minimum number of positive environmental impacts. This approach mainly focuses on the transmission lines of high voltage. Their aim on the electricity transmission is achieving the transparency, engagement with stakeholders and in the impacts of the environment. Their main goal is to work on the concerns of the stakeholders. The reviews and feedbacks are collected from the stakeholders (Komendantova, Vocciante and Battaglini, 2015).

According to the paper on New vision for design of trnasmission line structures in steel by using the reliable method, the nominal loads and the values of resistance design are being applied from the values of the mean of probability functions which is used to describe the speed of wind, thickness of the radial ice and then the stress that is yield. The uncertainity of the performance of the electricity is because of the variance in loads and the resistance which can be used in the compensation to design with the least values of the resistive and increased loads. The method makes a simplification in the load model and the analysis in a structural way of the electricity transmission. The model can be used to improve the efficiency of the transmission of electricity. The current method is called LRFD method which results in the structural reliability in increasing the design control of the reliability method in an efficient way for satisfying the economy and the safety in transmitting the electricity (Abdalla A. Alsamad and Ahmed, 2014).

The paper on Power System transmission pricing – A review mainly focuses on the overview of the power system transmission in allocating the cost for transmission. Nodal pricing approach is used in improving the efficiency of the transmission cost of the electricity. The tracing process of the power flow is easy for implementation, but it has a demerit in offering economic signal in an effective way. The congestion price has been managed which is used to improve the reliability and safety of the system. The work focuses on the pricing methodology of the transmission of electricity (Kaushik Paul and Niranjan Kumar, 2016).

Pricing methodologies, Embedded cost methods and Nodal Pricing

According to (GILLESPIE and STAPLETON, 2004) double circuit transmission lines makes the efficiency in the transmission of the electricity. The paper focuses on the modelling of the outages of lightning on the transmission lines of the double circuit. This compares many transmission lines. It is found that the faults occur mostly on the single transmission lines which is about 95.3% and the faults on the double circuit transmission lines are only about 4.7%. They use a software called Transmission line modeling for designing the double circuit for making transmission lines. Additional earthwires are generated for the transmission lines to improve the efficiency of the transmission of the electricity. This explains that the transmission can be made efficient by transmitting the electricity through the double circuit.

The research question of this project is Adapting the technologies for making the transmission of electricity in an efficient way. The research mainly focuses on improving the efficiency of the transmission of electricity. The goal of improving the efficiency of the eletricity is to make the safety and cost effective method.

The sub goals of improving the efficiency of the electricity transmission are listed below.

• To achieve the highest amount of efficiency in the transmission and distribution of Electrical transmission.
• To minimize the loss in the capacity of the electrical power transmission.
• To improve the quality of the power transmission (Swee et al., 2015).
• To make the operating voltage as a upgrading voltage, modernization in system, re-configuring the network, optimizing the operational cost of the power transmission and the automating feature of the power transmission.
• To have a clear vision on designing the transmission line structure made up of steel by the use of reliable method.
• To improve the transmission line reliability by using the double circuit through the design of the lightning.
• To make a cost effective pricing and nodal pricing methodology in the transmission of power.
• To make use of the adaptive tecniques for improving the efficiency of the power transmission (Using Smart Grids to Enhance Use of Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Technologies, 2011).

Transmission and Distribution of the electrical power are linked between the production sectors and the utilization sectors respectively. This network is used to cover the utility of the system and the network that are private which is located inside the premises of the user. The process that is transferring the electricity from the electrical energy generating stations to the consumers results in the loss in the quality and capacity. In the countries which are developed has the efficiency in the electrical energy of about 92 % and 97 % of the power that is generated in the power generating stations. The efficiency of energy in the private network is in the range of about 97 to 99.5 % of the input electrical energy. But considering the developing countries, the efficiency of energy transmission is only about 52 percentage to 85 percentage. The energy efficiency that is achieved in the private network ranges between 65 percentage to 94 percentage. So there is a variation in the efficiency of the power transmission in developing and developed countries (Csercsik and Koczy, 2013).

The measures that can be taken for improving the efficiency in transmitting electrcity are listed below.

• The limit of the total distortion in harmonics is about 10 % and the individual distortion is 8 %. The harmocis can be minimized by using the following methods
• Elimination or modification of the resources
• Voltage harmonic filters should be installed by the consumers of the electricity and by the electric suppliers.
• The capacitors must use reactors which are connected in series for detuning (Csercsik and Koczy, 2013).

• Control in frequency is achieved by the use of accurate balancing of the real time generation system. The concumption of electricity is based on the past techniques and the new operating dynamics.
• The on-load tap changers which are automatic in nature should introduced (Csercsik and Koczy, 2013).

• Control in the curved agriculture load management which uses the remote control mechanism can be determined by finding the transformers that are catering to the loads of the agriculture.
• The demand can alos be managed using the Solar PV systems that are used for lightning (Csercsik and Koczy, 2013).

No.	Test of Equipment	Model	Manufactuer
1	Transmission line cables	1 mm radius and 10mm horizontal plate	India Mart
2	Conductors	TC and TC-ER cable	India Mart
3	Transformers	Step Down transformers	Voltamp Transformers Private Limited
4	Solar Systems	PV model	Vikram Solar Energy Limited

Energy Loss in private network

The above table provides the results of loss in energy in the private networks. The important loss is because of the cables, transformers and joints. The range of the network efficiency is from 66 to 94 percentage. The total mean value of the efficiency is about 87.27%.

BestGrid approach for new transmission infrastructure

The above table specifies the loss in capacity of the power transmission. The reduction in capacity is about 5% to 17% of the input power. The capacity of the network gets reduced because of the less voltage supplied and reduced power factor. The load that is applied on the private network is about 20% to 30%. The variables that are related to grid known as supplied voltage and the frequency does not affect the private networks.From the above results it is clear that the voltage, frequency and power factor values has to be improved to improve the efficiency of the electricity transmission (Csercsik and Koczy, 2013).

The Adaptive technology to improve the efficiency for electricity transmission project scheduling is shown in below.

Task Mode	Task Name	Duration	Start	Finish	Predecessors
Auto Scheduled	Adapting technology to improve efficiency in electricity transmission	45 days	Mon 23-10-17	Fri 22-12-17
Auto Scheduled	Project Requirement Gathering	1 day	Mon 23-10-17	Mon 23-10-17
Auto Scheduled	Analysis Project Requirement	2 days	Tue 24-10-17	Wed 25-10-17	2
Auto Scheduled	Prepare Technical Document	2 days	Thu 26-10-17	Fri 27-10-17	3
Auto Scheduled	Assign the Resources the Projects	1 day	Mon 30-10-17	Mon 30-10-17	4
Auto Scheduled	M1 start the Project	1 day	Tue 31-10-17	Tue 31-10-17	5
Auto Scheduled	Initialization	38 days	Wed 01-11-17	Fri 22-12-17	6
Auto Scheduled	Research and Brainstorming	2 days	Wed 01-11-17	Thu 02-11-17
Auto Scheduled	Kick-off Review	1 day	Fri 03-11-17	Fri 03-11-17	8
Auto Scheduled	Engineering system Definition	17 days	Mon 06-11-17	Tue 28-11-17	9
Auto Scheduled	System Components Design	14 days	Mon 06-11-17	Thu 23-11-17
Auto Scheduled	Electrical Appliances	2 days	Mon 06-11-17	Tue 07-11-17
Auto Scheduled	Users	2 days	Wed 08-11-17	Thu 09-11-17	12
Auto Scheduled	Circuit	2 days	Fri 10-11-17	Mon 13-11-17	13
Auto Scheduled	Fuse Box	2 days	Tue 14-11-17	Wed 15-11-17	14
Auto Scheduled	Meter	2 days	Thu 16-11-17	Fri 17-11-17	15
Auto Scheduled	Wall Power points	2 days	Mon 20-11-17	Tue 21-11-17	16
Auto Scheduled	Walls	2 days	Wed 22-11-17	Thu 23-11-17	17
Auto Scheduled	Super system	3 days	Fri 24-11-17	Tue 28-11-17	11
Auto Scheduled	Analysis the weather, sunlight and seasons	2 days	Fri 24-11-17	Mon 27-11-17
Auto Scheduled	M2 All s/w and h/w requirements approved	1 day	Tue 28-11-17	Tue 28-11-17	20
Auto Scheduled	Analysis	6 days	Wed 29-11-17	Wed 06-12-17	10
Auto Scheduled	Function Analysis	2 days	Wed 29-11-17	Thu 30-11-17
Auto Scheduled	Cause and Effect Chan Analysis	2 days	Fri 01-12-17	Mon 04-12-17	23
Auto Scheduled	Mid-Term Review	1 day	Tue 05-12-17	Tue 05-12-17	24
Auto Scheduled	M3 all designs approved	1 day	Wed 06-12-17	Wed 06-12-17	25
Auto Scheduled	Adaptive Technology	5 days	Thu 07-12-17	Wed 13-12-17	22
Auto Scheduled	Electric Vehicles	1 day	Thu 07-12-17	Thu 07-12-17
Auto Scheduled	Energy Storage Devices	1 day	Fri 08-12-17	Fri 08-12-17	28
Auto Scheduled	Controllable Loads	1 day	Mon 11-12-17	Mon 11-12-17	29
Auto Scheduled	Renewable Energy systems	1 day	Tue 12-12-17	Tue 12-12-17	30
Auto Scheduled	M4 Production approval.	1 day	Wed 13-12-17	Wed 13-12-17	31
Auto Scheduled	Field Testing	3 days	Thu 14-12-17	Mon 18-12-17	27
Auto Scheduled	Field Testing with Modifications	2 days	Thu 14-12-17	Fri 15-12-17
Auto Scheduled	M5 Field testing review and modifications complete	1 day	Mon 18-12-17	Mon 18-12-17	34
Auto Scheduled	Completion	4 days	Tue 19-12-17	Fri 22-12-17	33
Auto Scheduled	Arrange Project Completion Meeting	2 days	Tue 19-12-17	Wed 20-12-17
Auto Scheduled	Greenlight Review	1 day	Thu 21-12-17	Thu 21-12-17	37
Auto Scheduled	Prepare Technical Document	1 day	Fri 22-12-17	Fri 22-12-17	38

Conclusion

The research is about the techniques that can be useful for improving the efficiency of the electricity transmission. Various tecniques that are used in the different papers are discussed in the literature review. The research question is being explained with goals and its sub goals. The different methodologies of increasing the efficiency of the power transmission is explained in detail. The results and calculations are tabulated and explained. The experimental setup that is required for the project is tabulated. The electricity is the important energy resource and it may gets reduced by the end of this century or in the next century. So it is very significant to use the energy in an efficient way. The various adaptive techniques that can be useful to improve the efficiency of the electricity transmission is being discussed in this report. The results of the analysis shows that the fluctuations in the voltage, less frequency and the less voltage that is supplied are the main barriers of achieving the efficiency in the electricity transmission. The designs and quality of the transmission cables are also another cause for less efficient electricity transmission. The harmonic distortion and demand for the electricity is also one of the barriers of the electricity transmission. The remedies that can be used to improve the efficiency of the electricity transmission is being explained in detail.

References

Abdalla A. Alsamad, K. and Ahmed, S. (2014). A New Vision for Design of Steel Transmission Line Structures by Reliability Method. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 11(4), pp.07-15.

Csercsik, D. and Koczy, L. (2013). Efficiency and Stability in Electrical Power Transmission Networks: A Partition Function Form Approach. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Ghannoum, E. (1984). Improving Transmission Line Design by Using Reliability Techniques. IEEE Power Engineering Review, PER-4(10), pp.68-68.

GILLESPIE, J. and STAPLETON, G. (2004). IMPROVING DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINE RELIABILITY THROUGH LIGHTNING DESIGN.

Gresch, A. (2010). Five Simple Steps to Project Planning. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 44(4), pp.297-298.

Kaushik Paul and Niranjan Kumar (2016). Power System Transmission Pricing-A Review. International Journal of Engineering Research and, V5(01).

Komendantova, N., Vocciante, M. and Battaglini, A. (2015). Can the BestGrid Process Improve Stakeholder Involvement in Electricity Transmission Projects?. Energies, 8(9), pp.9407-9433.

Li, Z., Yu, Z., Wang, X., Peng, X. and Li, Z. (2013). Sensitivity of lightning shielding failure of double-circuit transmission line on tower geometric structures. Electric Power Systems Research, 94, pp.86-91.

SHARMA, A. and PATHAK, K. (2015). MANPOWER PLANNING, SCHEDULING AND TRACKING OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT USING MICROSOFT PROJECT SOFTWARE. JOURNAL OF TODAY’S IDEAS – TOMORROW’S TECHNOLOGIES, 3(2), pp.161-169.

Swee, N., Yip, M., Keong, C., Tai, S. and Toh, G. (2015). Improve Electricity Efficiency by Applying TRIZ. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 3(2), pp.149-154.

Using Smart Grids to Enhance Use of Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Technologies. (2011). [online] Available at: https://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-20389.pdf [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017].

Warkad, S., Khedkar, M. and Dhole, G. (2009). Optimal Electricity Transmission Pricing in a Restructured Electricity Market. International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, pp.512-519.