Telecommunication technology deals with the transmission of information through communication channels. Information can be of different forms like signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds and intelligence. Wires, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems can be used as communication channels. These communication channels have the advantage of multiplexing (Freeman 2015). In a communication system the sender sends the information in form of signal. Then the signal is processed through filters, multiplexing devices and then transmitted to receiver through the channels. After receiving the signals it is send to output transducers to transform the signals into required form of information (Nagourney 2014).
Telecommunication technology can be classified into two main domain based upon the signals it transmits (Chen and Zhao 2014). Those are analog communication and digital communication. In analog communication the form of the signals are continuous in nature with respect to time. In case of digital communication the form of the signals are of discrete nature with respect to time frame. During transmission there is also unwanted physical noise present in the signals. For transmitting to far distances signals must be modulated and demodulated. The Amplitude and frequency modulation make the modern communication system more advanced (Wang et al. 2014).
The term telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix “tele”, meaning distant and the Latin “communicare” meaning to share. The governments and military units depended highly on telecommunications to collect information and to issue orders in ancient time. The first kind of communication was done through messengers on foot or on horseback. Then the need to convey a short message over a long distance led to the application of smoke and fire signals (Tarek and Mostafa 2016). In ancient Greece signal mirrors were used to reflect sunlight as a good way of communication. These visual communication systems were very tedious to set up and transmit only few bits of data per hour. In 1973 Claude Chappe of France performed a series of experiments on the concept of semaphore telegraph. The semaphore telegraph was reformed by electric telegraphy. The early systems are optical systems based on visual receivers. In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted of Denmark invented the interaction between electricity and magnetism. Then Michael Faraday brought an historical change in the field of both electricity and telecommunications by finding that electric current can be induced on a conductor by a changing magnetic field. Modern telecommunication system could not be possible without the invention of Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone system (Tarmo 2015). Bell and Marconi’s wireless telegraphy marked a historical event of commercial wireless communication that lead to amplitude and frequency modulation technology.
Telecommunication can be of two types and those are analog and digital communication. In analog telecommunication the signal is in continuous form with respect to time. In digital communication the signal is in discrete nature (Lau 2016). For converting the analog signals into digital signals sampling and quantization techniques are used. According to the sampling theorem if the highest frequency in the signal spectrum is N Hz, the signal can be reconstructed from its discrete samples, taken uniformly at a rate not less than 2N samples per second. In communication system sender sends the information. Then the information or signal is transmitted through various filters and multiplexing devices (Koenig 2013). There are also encoders and decoders that encode and decode the information respectively when needed. Then the receiver receives the signal and passes it through different output transducers for getting the suitable form of information. The analog signals generated by the message sources are called baseband signals or low frequency signals. Baseband signals cannot be always transmitted in long distances without the help of channels of particular high frequencies. The message signal should be converted into suitable form of transmission with the help of carrier signal. This process of conversion is known as modulation (Kumar 2016).
In the era of communication and information technology telephone companies and internet service providers are the giants in the field of industry. Traditional telephone calls are the industry’s biggest revenue generator (Nagourney 2014). With the advancement of network technology, telecom now transmits less voice and more text and images. The application of high speed internet for the computer based data application systems like broadband information services and interactive entertainment, make the communication system much spread. Main broadband telecom technology is DSL or Digital Subscriber Line (Laino 2002). The value added services deliver the fastest growth. Most of the parts and people of the world are connected through telecommunication and internet. The telecommunication services collection worldwide grow from $2.2 trillion in 2015 to $2.4 trillion in 2019.
The role of different companies is very competitive due to the comparative costs and fares provided by them. Most important market is the corporate market in the communication industry. Quality and the reliability of the telephonic calls and data delivery are the main concerns of the big corporate customers. The main issue in the corporate industry is about the cost but not about the service (Khorasaninejad et al. 2015).
Top global telecom companies are China mobile, AT&T, Version communications, Vodafone, Airtel, America Movil, Telefonica, Telstra. The societies in the telecommunication field are Telecommunications Industry Association, IEEE Communication Society (Laino 2002). In the field of telecommunication the roles of Corporate as well as distributors both are important (Series 2015). Corporate sectors are the most favorite in telecommunication industry. The corporate sectors are about mainly about the quality and dependency of their telephonic system and the data transmission process. They provide fewer interests in setting the price. Global and regional telecommunication players face an increasing number of critical challenges, from traffic monetization to capital and labor productivity in mature markets to intensified competition in developing and emerging markets (Carne 1999).
Corporate and portfolio strategy of the company determines more than 90 percent of telecommunication growth. Successful business unit strategies combine true sources of competitive advantage with privileged, granular insight to beat the market. Innovation strategy is one of the most important strategies. Fewer than 10 present of innovations become commercially successful, yet innovation is one of the greatest sources of competitive advantage, especially in telecom. Recent policy and regulatory regime change illustrate how much of telecommunication companies value depends upon regulation (Brasch 2015).
In modern telecommunication many technologies are used. The telephone networks can switch the connections and that is the main importance of it. Actually, telephone connections are one kind of electrical circuits that is operated by individuals in local telephone office. A computer system using semiconductors is used as the physical switch and the switch is used by the operators (Khorasaninejad et al. 2015). The other use of using network system is to change the distributive mode of connection to the centralized network system. A ring network is formed by connecting trunks and arranging the switching points in a form of ring. There are many redundant connections which are used to make different routes of connection for disaster management. Most of the wires in communication system are made of copper, but the central computing system in a network uses digital computers. There are many multiplexers, semiconductor devices, analog switches and satellites in the communication system. In modern communication a particular broadband cable is used in telephone connections for providing television and internet (Koenig 2013).
Communication is divided in two different categories. Those are analog and digital communication. In analog communication the signal is continuous in nature with respect to time. In digital communication the signal is discrete in nature with respect to time. Analog signals are generally baseband signals that are in low pass region mainly and thus create noise in a large amount during transmission. That is the reason why analog signals are converted into digital signals (Koenig et al. 2013). Digital signals created by sampler and quantization devices. Sampling theorem states that if the highest frequency in the signal spectrum is N Hz, the signal can be regained from its discrete samples, taken uniformly at a rate more than or equal to 2N samples per second. With the help of the sampling theorem the analog signals can be made discrete in nature. After sampling, many values or amplitudes of the signal are evaluated that cannot be sent. Quantization technique is used to make the magnitudes of the signal in an estimated or rounded off value to the nearest quantized magnitude and then those can be sent easily. The transmission of these quantized sequences is the task of digital communication system that uses Pulse Coded Modulation (Freeman 2015).
Once the analog to digital conversion is over, the original analog message is represented by a sequence of samples’ each of which takes on one of the quantization levels. The transmission of this quantized sequence is the task of digital communication systems. For this reason, signal waveforms must be used to represent the quantized sample sequence in the transmission process. Similarly, a digital storage device also would need to represent the sample as signal waveforms. Pulse coded modulation is a very simple and yet common mechanism for this purpose (Lau 2016).
One information bit refers to one binary digit of 1 or 0. The idea of PCM is to represent each quantized sample by an ordered combination of two basic pulses. The first one represents 1 and the second one represents 0. From all these discussion on PCM, we arrive at a rather interesting conclusion that every possible communication can be carried on with a minimum of two symbols. Thus merely by using a proper sequence of a wink of the eye, one can convey any message, be it a conversation, a book, a movie, or an opera (Makimoto and Yamashita 2013).
Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple analog signals into one analog signal. The importance of multiplexing can be understood in a telecommunication system where one wire is used to carry different telephonic calls. Primarily cables are used to transmit the multiplexed signal. Multiplexing distributes the capacity of the communication channel into different logical parts; one for every message information that is to be transmitted. There is another method called de-multiplexing which is exactly the opposite of multiplexing. By de-multiplexing the original signal can be received at the receiver end. Multiplexing can be of different forms like space division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, polarization division multiplexing, and orbital angular momentum multiplexing (Wang 2014).
In a multiplexer if there is n number of selection lines then the number of input is 2n and the number of output is always one. A 2:1 multiplexer is used to get one output from two inputs. Multiplexing is very important stage in communication as it helps to analyze the signals. With the help of de-multiplexing technique the signal can be brought to its previous state (Nagourney 2014).
Signals encoded onto light are used in optical networking for transmitting the information among various nodes of a telecommunications network. The local area network and the wide area network uses the optical networking system for limited range and that can be used in metropolitan, regional areas as well as national and international and transoceanic distances. Optical amplifiers, lasers or LEDs and wave division multiplexing are used in designing the optical communication. The main advantage of optical communication is that it can have a large bandwidth. It can be used as a useful technology for Internet and communication network. the The telecommunication network mainly depends on copper to transmit data and signals (Lathi 2017).
Various pieces of network are interconnected by a backbone which is a part of computer network. It provides a path for exchanging data between different LANs and sub networks. Diverse networks can be tied by a backbone in a particular building or in a campus. Generally, the capacity of the backbone is more than that of the network. Networking is used to connect all the locations in a particular building. It can also be used for connecting different departments of a company that is situated in different geographical locations.
Wireless communication is used in transferring the data or power among the points that are not connected by an electrical wire. Radio waves are used by one of the most general wireless technologies. Radio waves use short distance for communicating like few meters in case of television or long distances like millions of kilometers for deep space radio communication. It can be used in bi-directional radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistance and wireless networking. Infrared light has wavelength from 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter (Xu and Xu 2016). This corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430THz to 300 GHz. Infrared is widely used in applications such as night vision devices and thermal imaging. Application of wireless communication involve security systems, television remote control, Wi-Fi, Cell phones, wireless power transfer, computer interface devices and various communication based projects. Wireless technology is also important for the communication in space and also in the communication in case of war situations (Freeman 2015).
In today’s world of communication cellular and voice communication take an important role. The third generation and the fourth generation technology make the communication system faster in response (Makimoto and Yamashita 2013). The use of the mobile phones makes the communication system easier to access. The first generation included analog mobile phones and the second generation included digital mobile phones, the 3G bring us digital multimedia handsets with high data transmission rates, capable of providing much more than basic voice calls (Chen and Zhao 2014). As an increasing number of organizations and individuals are dependent on mobile technologies to perform their tasks, various mobile applications have been rapidly introduced and used in a number of areas such as communications, financial management, information retrieval and entertainment. Voice communication is also very important in the field of communication. In case of providing various services the communication is made through voice commands. Voice communication is also done in airways and air force communication (Brasch et. al. 2015).
Satellite Based Services can be of many different forms. It can be used for internet access and also in networking. Primarily the communication satellites provide the internet access. Geostationary satellites can provide individual internet access. The data speed can be ranged up to 50Mbps for the use of new satellites having different bandwidths. GPS or Global Positioning System is radio navigation system which is space-based governed by the United States government and the United States Air force (Óskarsdóttir et al. 2016). All the information provided by the geo-location system and the GPS are given by the global navigation satellite system. Users are not needed by the GPS system to transmit information. Telephonic or internet reception does not require the users also. These systems can be used to advance the applications of GPS. The GPS system is used in every mobile phones and communications system (Freeman 2015). Global Positioning System can be a important tool for tourism also.
References
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