1.User interface is a space in which computer and human interaction occur. The user interface is usually designed to ensure that the user gets the most out of interacting with a machine. The purpose of the user interface is ensure a human can be able to operate the machine with ease and the machine can be able to give correct responses based on input from the user. We know that a user interface allows human beings to easily and effectively operate a machine and yet it is being said that the best interface for a system is no user interface. User interfaces were created to help humans easily communicate with machines. Before we had graphical user interfaces we had other ways of communicating with fellow human beings which was better and very convenient (Wseas, 2010). It was by the use of gestures, speech, sensors and interaction with one another. In order to replicate this form of interaction we need to first ensure that a machine can understand our voices or speech and can act upon our speech commands. A good example of such a path to embracing no user interface is when it becomes dark in a room. A machine can be given instructions easily to respond to the darkness by lighting up the room.
However we usually do that by instructing the machine to switch on the light. It would be better if the machine used sensors to know whether the room was dark or light and respond appropriately by switching the lights on or off. This is a step towards no user interface and it is very effective because communication tends to acts naturally as it is with how human beings communicate with each other and respond to various conditions. Another key importance in ensuring the best interface is no interface is that computers being very intelligent when given instructions can work very efficiently. The most ideal case would be computers learning how to interact and understand us rather than having us learn how to interact with them. The computers should be able to adapt and interact with us appropriately (Richard, 2014). A good example is cars which can be opened remotely. These cars usually need there to be a key which can enable the command to unlock the car to be executed. When there is no user interface the car should detect when the owner is near the car and automatically open the door and after the owner is in the car to automatically start itself.
2.Twisted pair cables are cables which have been made by twisting two conductors on a single circuit.. The twisting of these cables is done to remove any kind of electromagnetic interference which comes from external sources such as electromagnetic radiation which comes from cross-talk and unshielded twisted pair cables (McBee, Barnett & Groth , 2004). Twisted pair cable range in bandwidth based on the use of the cables. They range from 0.4mhz which are used on telephone lines all the way to 2000mhz which is in development for use on 40GBBASE-T Ethernet over a single cable. This cable can run for almost 100 metres. The amount of interference is very minimal in this cable. There are level one twisted cables which are used on telephone lines. Level 2 cables which are used on old terminal systems and Cat5 which are used on local area networks.
A coaxial cable is an electric cable which comprises of an inner conductor that is surrounded by a tubular insulating layer and a tubular conducting shield. Coaxial cables are different from shielded cables mostly because of the dimensions. The dimensions are determined for the purpose of ensuring a constant conductor is defined and precise spacing which is necessary in making it function as a transmission line. Coaxial cables range from short to long distance which serve various purposes such as connecting video equipment for short cables and radio and television networks for long cables (Van Der Burgt, 2011). There are various coaxial cables which include hard line cables that are used for broadcasting. Radiating cables are another type of coaxial cable which is used in elevator shafts and underground transportation tunnels. RG-6 are used for outdoor and indoor wiring.
Fiber optic cables are cables which have been assembled in a similar manner to electric cables but they have many optical fibers which are supposed to carry light from one point to another. Fiber optic cables have faster speeds compared to other cables and can transfer data over long distances with minimal interference as compared to other cables (Posinna, 2016). There are different types of Fiber optic cables namely optical fiber conductive, optical Fiber non-conductive and optical fiber non-conductive for general use.
3.Internet of things (IoT) is connecting smart and physical devices such as cars and buildings together through electronics, network connectivity, actuators, sensors and software. The interconnection of these devices enables them to exchange and collect data. The ways of obtaining data form IoT devices include sensors. Sensors are electronic subsystem or modules which are used to detect any kind of changes in its surroundings and relay these changes to other electronic components such as the computer processor (Banica, 2012). Radio- frequency Identification (RDIF) is the utilization of electromagnetic fields to track and identify any changes that happen to objects which have been tagged. RFIDs are very small and can be placed on various items such as goods in transit or passports. RFIDs have the disadvantage of having a lot of data flooding because a lot of data can be generated from them and maybe cannot be used for benefit to a business. There is also no global standardization for RFIDs which means some may work in one Country and may not work in another due to the differences in frequencies being used (Weis, 2007).
Video tracking is the use of a camera to locate the position of moving objects over a certain period of time. It is very advantageous because we can be able to view and track any good or person through cameras and identify where they are (Kang, Palk, Koschan, Abidi & Abidi, 2003). It is disadvantageous because it may need a lot of bandwidth and equipment to operate effectively. These cameras may also be easily visible and create blind spots which they cannot be able to record any movements on those areas.
4.Internet of Things security and privacy relates to the level of safety and confidentiality that IoT devices and networks can have and maintain. IoT security is important because a lot of data passes through these devices for commands to be executed. If this data is compromised it can lead to a lot of damage in relation to control of the IoT devices. It is imperative that IoT security and privacy is maintained at a very high degree to ensure these devices are not compromised and that they can function properly. IoT devices have issues which come up because most of the devices which have been interconnected were not designed with data security as a serious consideration (Santucci, 2016). Cyber criminals can be able to leverage on this weakness and take control of the devices or data that is passing through these devices and networks. IoT devices are at risk because the embedded operating systems on these devices are unpatched and out of date. There are various security threats which face IoT devices. They include IoT botnets which are devices that are connected to the internet and are operated by the owner to carry out various tasks.
Botnets can be used to perform Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and also stealing of data. Man-in-The-Middle-Attacks are attacks which are performed to interrupt communication that is ongoing between two devices. In these kinds of attacks the attacker can modify the message or data that is being sent or received. IoT devices face a serious security and privacy issue and therefore it is important that we secure these devices and networks. Solutions such as segmenting IoT devices which need to use the internet to their own networks will impact positively on the security and privacy of Iot devices and networks.
5.The publish/subscribe communication model is whereby the sender or publisher of a message does not program any message that is sent to the subscriber or receiver (Hohpe, 2006). The command/response approach works by an application sending a request and another process or application responds to the request. The IoT water monitoring application uses 12ms to send and receive information between the sensor and application. A request is triggered after every 1 s. In the 12ms needed for communication between the application and the sensors 3ms is utilized by the sensor to process each request. The application uses 2ms to send and receive any message. Redesigning the application to use the publish/subscribe communication model will save approximately 1ms on every send receive request because this model does not require the use of two systems to perform the task.
6.Nielson’s Law is such that the amount of bandwidth a user utilizes grows by approximately 50% a year (Nielsen, 1998). Moore’s Law is an observation which was made that the number of transistors which are present in a dense integrated circuit will double in number after every two years. In relation to Internet of Things it means that the amount of bandwidth that will be flowing through IoT devices and networks will increase by 50% every year because users will use them more oftenly and in varied ways. In IoT, Moore’s Law means that the devices which make up IoT devices will increase the number of transistors inside them due to the increased needs and uses that these devices will have and the complex functionality they will be comprised of. (Moore, 2015).
References
Banica F. G. (2012). Chemical Sensors and Bio-sensors: Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 576.
Hohpe G. (2006). Enterprise Integration Patterns: Designing, Building and Deploying Messaging Solutions. p.184.
Kang S., Palk J., Koschan A., Abidi B. & Abidi M. A. (2003). Real time video tracking using PTZ cameras.
McBee, Barnett D. & Groth D. (2004). Cabling: the complete guide to network wiring. SYBEX. p. 11.
Moore G. (2015). Progress in Digital Integrated Electronics.
Nielsen J. (1998). Nielsen’s Law of Internet Bandwidth.
Posinna M. (2016). Different types of fiber optic cables. HFCL.
Richard S. (2014). Text User Interface Development Series Part One – T.U.I. Basics.
Santucci G. (2016). The Internet of Things: Between the Revolution of the Internet and the Metamorphosis of Objects. European Commission Community Research and Development Information Service.
Van Der Burgt M. J. (2011). Coaxial Cables and Applications Belden. p. 4.
Weis S. A. (2007). RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Principles and Applications. MIT CSAIL.
Wseas (2010). Introduction Section. Recent advances in business administration. p.190.
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