The biopsychosocial model defined as a scientific framework that contributes in describing the variable factors such as biological factor, behavioural factors and social factors. Biopsychosocial mainly focuses on different critical theories of health psychology and physiology to examine chronic illness and degree of severity. The goal of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology is to analyses the behavioral factors and critical factors in health critically. Besides, it also provides multiple ways to cure disease and facilitate the quality of life. This essay will shed light on chronic illness as Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and the disease acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by HIV. HIV is a retrovirus containing RNA as genetic material (Mattei et al., 2016). HIV includes an inner coat and an outer coat. Within the inner jacket, it contains eight viral genes. Transmission of HIV mainly occurs through bleeds, wounds and other body fluids containing HIV. Progression of AIDs is a long process happens as opportunistic infection only when the level of T helper cells in the body reduces significantly. Therefore, this essay will illustrate the complexity of HIV and the relationship between biological, psychological and social factors in HIV in the following paragraph.
The Complexity in HIV is the reason that many medical experts failed to address the disease as HIV manage to trick the immunology and antiretroviral therapy. The first complexity is the different subtype of the retrovirus is differently susceptible to antiviral drugs. The second complexity is even after use of antiviral drug HIV can induce oxidative stress, proliferation and apoptosis along with the release of inflammatory mediators. The third complication is HIV can cause the malignancy due to the preference of co-receptor (Fortenberry et al., 2017). However, as it is an RNA virus, the antiviral therapy becomes difficult. Antiviral such zidovudine can cure HIV to some, but efficacy rate varies (Powis et al., 2018).
The biopsychosocial model is a model in medical science that comprises three crucial factors such as biology, psychology and social factors that require deciphering all the complexity of chronic Biological influences that play a crucial role in defining severity are age, hormone, toxins, the interaction between genes and effect of these factors on human anatomy. Psychological factors that explain potential health concerns are emotional trauma, lack of self-control, anger issue due to lack of patience. Social factors cover up the factors such as cultural concepts in particular stress events, sanitization. Biopsychosocial model inspects every micro level of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disease and other viral diseases such as HIV causing AIDS (Lehman, David and Gruber, 2017). AIDS one of the chronic diseases where multi-organ involves in order reducing the well being of an individual. The complexity of AIDS and other disease influenced by human deficiency virus generally require the assistance of the biopsychosocial model to detect the degree of severity. AIDS is now a second leading disease that prevailing around the globe within the age group in between 25 to 44 (Ogden, 2012). In 80% cases HIV that causes AIDS transmitted due to unprotected sexual intercourse’s (Ogden,2012 ). Statistical surveys show that other 20% occupied by blood transmission and contaminated injecting device for drug injection. Biological factor that plays a crucial role in developing HIV is immunology. HIV binds to CD4+ of T helper cell and internalises into the cytoplasm where it can remain as provirus for the decade or due to environmental stress, nutritional deficiency replicate actively (Simon, Bloch and Landau, 2015 ) Such infected T helper cells attached with adjacent T helper cells to produce Syncytia. Syncytia can infect 50 other non-infected cells, because of which availability T helper cells decreases exponentially (Madani et al., 2016). Eventually, when the body has almost no T helper cell, it gives rise to AIDS as an opportunistic infection along with that other bacterial and fungal infection that significantly threat life. Majority of individuals in a population suffers from secondary infection as immunological surveillance become extremely low. Literature studies reveal that approximately 32000 in UK diagnosed with Positive HIV infection and amongst them, AIDS detected in 15000, 12000 died from AIDS/HIV related disease ( Ogden, 2012). Psychology plays a crucial in the study about HIV and susceptibility of individuals towards HIV. Several studies suggested an examination of HIV proved that there is minimal possibility that individual exposed to HIV patients diagnosed with HIV positive. However, a significant number of arguments stated that psychological state and lifestyle increase the chances of infection if exposed to HIV. Frequent use of drugs that might be immune suppressive drug and unprotected sex increases the replication of a virus. Emotional and mental distress increases the replication and probability of HIV to cause disease. Many arguments stated that social homophobia is another critical reason for the development of the disease. Researchers researches about the relationship between coping up of stress and rapid progression toward AIDS. Studies show that excessive emotional expression is detrimental for the wellbeing of the individual (Pryor, and Reeder, 2015). In the UK a significant number of gay men when diagnosed with HIV positive, the psychology of them indicate extremely low self-esteem and high frequency of mood swing (puttong, 2015 ). This tendency of fluctuation of mood acts as a catalyst for replication HIV and depleting T helper cell. Most of the scenario supported the fact that acceptance of disease plays a significant role in coming up with AIDS. Majority of the people are not accustomed to accepting the disease with positivity. Therefore, the probability of recovery from HIV become very less. Social and cultural aspect tremendously influence outlook of HIV positive .patient in life. Literature review and researches of many years examine the diversity of attitude regarding HIV in the huge population. As HIV defined as one of the diseases whose complexity is not very clear, a significant number of individuals are not ready to accept in society. Before HIV come into existence, a greater part of the population considered HIV as a contagious disease. There, any individual detected with HIV positive are not accepted by society. They experience a significant number of social stigmas in population. Therefore, HIV positive patients fear to voice out about their disease publically. Consequences that worsen the situation are isolation, rejection and physical violence. The principal reason for these social beliefs is ignorance attitude of the population. Due to the lack of sound knowledge about disease, people are more vulnerable to disease whereas countries with advanced technology, individuals have sufficient grasp about HIV and subsequent disease. Many studies in the UK indicate that homosexual individuals are prime victims of this stigma that also increases the rate of depression and suicide.
In medical histories related to health psychology many different theories of health psychology proposed by different researches in a different period. However, it is difficult to explain which one of the arguments is accurately justified the health-related behavior. New theories introduced in medical practice that overlap with other methods. These theories also provide a framework for chronic illness such as HIV to understand diseases deeply. However, researcher assessed the model by their strength and following the HIV become easier. Four different models of health psychology explain the severity and health behavior of HIV patient and subsequent AIDS. The first one, health believe the model that deals with the individual assessment of behaviour that influenced by health and the particular risks in individual (Sarafino and Smith,2014). It also focuses on traditional beliefs of own regarding health and attitude towards standard medication. For example, many youngsters encourage unprotected sex, as they do not believe that they have high chances of HIV (O’connor, 2014). As a result, in many countries, the rate of HIV and progression towards AIDS exponentially increases. Another few critical factors that support the health believe models are low economic status, physical and psychological weaknesses of the individual in the rise in an urban area the probability to be infected by HIV. Due to traditional believe they refuse to treat by health experts and are not open about their mental state affected by the disease. Therefore, on behalf of many well-known organizations are working on awareness of HIV and related AIDS. More improved medical support system health experts try to provide to stop the spreading of HIV with the help of the health belief model. However, the major drawback of health believes the model is it explains the individual behaviour towards HIV and risk factor. It neglected the fact that vulnerability towards HIV infection and mental framework profoundly influenced by social factors. Therefore, it does not adequately explain severity at a different level. The second model is the social cognitive theory, which explains the environments and social factors how to influence each other. This theory explains from observation believes that environmental influences are the reason behind behavioural outcome (Bandura, 2014). In case of HIV, a significant number of individual hold on to tradition believes that HIV is a contagious disease that can spread by holding hands or standing near to HIV positive patients. This leads to an exponential increase of Disease as patients experience isolation even from family members and another close one, they are not able to open up about their disease publically. In the UK approximately 89,000 individual living with HIV infection ( HIV and AIDS in the United Kingdom , 2018). Therefore, Mass education is required to prevent the epidemic behaviour of HIV. One major drawback of that model is it do not explain the pathway environment, and individuals influence each other. The third model of health psychology is information-motivation- behavioural model that explains that little information about HIV prevention and individual motivation influence the behaviour of risk reduction such as the use of fresh needle during the intravenous injection or application of condom in youngsters to prevent sexually transmitted disease (Mayberry and Osborn, 2014). Behavioural skills are a reflection of personal belief and personal motivation. However, an individual with well-formed personality may not be well motivated that leads to ignorant attitude towards the chronic disease such as HIV. On the other hand, due to the advanced technology, a significant number of people is motivated to prevent HIV actively. The major drawback of this theory is it does not reflect the environmental factor that influences the motivation and personality of a person. The last model of health psychology theory is a theory for reasoned action, which is dependent on two factors and subjective norms ( Montano and Kasprzyk, 2015). In most of the scenario, decision making of an individual influenced by other individuals in the surrounding environment. Working on the prevention of disease based on individual knowledge without motivation also observed. This theory seeks the attention of health believes model regarding attitude towards the preventive measure of HIV. The drawback of this theory is this theory does not explain the link between the self-efficacy and decision making of the individual. Therefore, collaboration these theories help to solve all complexity of HIV.
There are several arguments arises for HIV and against HIV. In the case of self-testing, many researchers argue that social stigma is less in advanced countries like the UK, the majority of the population aware of knowledge about this deadly disease. On the other hand, another group of researchers claims that due to the mixed population and the difference in culture social stigma varies between places. Many health cares stated that standard technology makes it easier to detect HIV with accuracy. On the other hand, many healthcare specialists claimed that the high rate of definite false taste make it difficult for medical experts to identify the disease.
Thus, it can be concluded that HIV is a chronic illness that kills a significant number of individuals every year. A considerable amount of people in the population is ignorant of HIV due to social stigma and old beliefs. Moreover, the nature of HIV is quite deceiving as it manages to trick immunity of human along with potential antiviral drugs. Biopsychosocial models are a combination of three factors that help experts to address the complexity of HIV, and it helps to address factors that worsen the situation. Apart from biopsychosocial four models of health, psychology also helps to discuss the psychology and mental status of every HIV positive individual. Many arguments contradict beliefs about HIV. Therefore, the epidemic nature of HIV can be prevented by reducing social stigma, more campaign about the transmission of HIV, specific drug therapy, liberal mentality towards HIV patients.
References:
Bandura, A. (2014). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In Handbook of moral behavior and development(pp. 69-128). Psychology Press.
Fortenberry, J. D., Koenig, L. J., Kapogiannis, B. G., Jeffries, C. L., Ellen, J. M., & Wilson, C. M. (2017). Implementation of an integrated approach to the national HIV/AIDS strategy for improving human immunodeficiency virus care for youths. JAMA pediatrics, 171(7), 687-693.
Hibbert, M., Wolton, A., Crenna-Jennings, W., Benton, L., Kirwan, P., Lut, I., … & Douglas, N. (2018). Experiences of stigma and discrimination in social and healthcare settings among trans people living with HIV in the UK. AIDS care, 30(7), 836-843.
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Madani, N., Princiotto, A. M., Zhao, C., Jahanbakhshsefidi, F., Mertens, M., Herschhorn, A., … & Sodroski, J. (2016). Activation and inactivation of primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein trimers by CD4-mimetic compounds. Journal of virology, JVI-01880.
Mattei, S., Glass, B., Hagen, W. J., Kräusslich, H. G., & Briggs, J. A. (2016). The structure and flexibility of conical HIV-1 capsids determined within intact virions. Science, 354(6318), 1434-1437.
Mayberry, L. S., & Osborn, C. Y. (2014). Empirical validation of the information–motivation–behavioral skills model of diabetes medication adherence: a framework for intervention. Diabetes care, DC_131828.
Montano, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. Health behavior: Theory, research and practice, 95-124.
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Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2014). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. John Wiley & Sons.
Simon, V., Bloch, N., & Landau, N. R. (2015). Intrinsic host restrictions to HIV-1 and mechanisms of viral escape. Nature immunology, 16(6), 546.
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