Discuss About The Management Education Health Education Journal.
Diabetes is one of the chronic lifestyle related disorder that currently affects millions of people worldwide. However it has been seen that if the patients are provided with health literacy related to diabetes, then their condition can be improved and they can implement the health literacy related interventions for their betterment (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015). In this assignment, this topic will be discussed with formation of a research question and then a literature review will be conducted to understand the effectiveness of it in recent literatures.
This research is dependent on the risk factors related to health illiteracy in diabetes and how usage of health literacy interventions can improve patient condition. Maximum of the patients affected with diabetes are unable to understand the severity of the disease as they do not possess health literacy related to it (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017). Hence, the research question to explore the effect of health literacy and self-management strategies in managing patients affected with diabetes will be: “Can patient education improve health of patients affected with diabetes?”
The primary aim of this research was to understand the effect of health literacy and patient education to let diabetic patient improve their health outcomes. This was a serious concern as maximum of the diabetic patients are unaware that their food, diet and lifestyle related choices can impact their health severely (Rockette-Wagner et al., 2015). Therefore, the strategy used for this research was linked to the national strategic framework for chronic disease as the framework was depended on the prevention and management of diabetes using the health literacy and patient education intervention (Haas et al., 2012). Diabetes related interventions are important as the framework determines diabetes as one of the chronic disease and the national framework determines that educating the patients can enhance their ability to fight back and promote health and reduce the risk related to diet and nutrition related consequences, which is the primary effect of health related outcomes in diabetes (health.gov.au., 2017). Therefore, the aim will be determining the patient education as one of the key intervention to maintain diabetic patient condition.
A literature review was conducted to find out the previous researches conducted on the research question or related to the research question so that limitations present in the research related to patient education and improvement of health in diabetic patients can be understood. In a research conducted by Snow, Sandall and Humphrey (2014), the primary objective of the research was to determine the effectiveness of heal education in diabetic patients and for that the research was conducted in the diabetic healthcare centers in the Khartoum state of Sudan. The research was quasi-experimental study which was designed to understand the control and improvement of the health status of diabetic patients who attended healthcare center for their diabetic treatment. The target population was 152 patients who were selected after random sampling process. Finally the results were analyzed using SPSS and t-test. After the analysis it was found that they were able to understand the nature and degree of their disease symptom, signs related to hyper and hypoglycemia, importance of foot care, and activity levels as well as how they can improve their food and diet related habit to control their diabetic symptoms (Snow, Sandall & Humphrey, 2014). Therefore, the future implication of this literature was related to implication of patient education in the diabetes so that they can control their own health with medical interventions.
The second literature that was selected in this section was a research conducted by MakkiAwouda, Elmukashfi and Al-Tom (2014), and the aim was to understand the effect of a diet control program namely “Dose adjustment for normal eating programme” conducted with the diabetic patients as a self-management program and was assessed their ability to comply with the structured program. For this purpose, the researchers conducted qualitative analysis by conducting semi-structured interviews before and after the conduction of the self-management session. This intervention was applied on the patient in three healthcare facilities throughout UK and in these facilities the observations were carried out. In this course 21 participants were included and with them total 32 interview sessions were carried out with 146 hours of complete observation of the activities so that involvement of the learnings form the session on their daily life activities can be understood, with a narrative approach (MakkiAwouda, Elmukashfi & Al-Tom, 2014). After the data collection, and interpretation it was found that the patients were able to change their food and diet related habits with a positive transformation that lowered their risk related to diabetes and improved their condition. The patients who attended the diabetic self-management related sessions were shown great decrease in their elevated blood glucose level, however, this was also observed that patients who had prior knowledge of diabetes and its precautions were able to use the intervention successfully in their habit. On the other hand, patients who did not had prior knowledge of the process struggled with implementation of intervention in their daily life. These type of patients particularly was seen failing in their efforts to maintain their blood glucose level. Thongsai and Youjaiyen (2013) also determined that prior knowledge of diabetes might help in understanding the self-management strategies, using which patients can improve their diabetic conditions. Hence, the future implication of this research was such that while treating the patients, the nursing and health professionals should provide disease information to the patient so that their health literacy can be improved.
The third research article was proposed by Vandenbosch et al., (2018), in which the researchers were keen to observe the effect of DSME or the Diabetes self-management education on diabetic patient. The researchers determined that there are several factors on which the successful completion of the self-management education depend s and these are the health literacy, and the type or degree of the strategic program. In this purpose, the researchers selected 366 patients from nine different countries and then they were asked to fill a complete questionnaire based on the self-management, problem perceptions, copied and perceived general health, and this questionnaire was asked them to fill up prior and after the DSME program. After the data collection, it was found that the DSME intervention was successful in improving patient’s condition (Vandenbosch et al., 2018). However unlike the previous research, this research article also found that health literacy was an important step in determining the effect of DSME intervention’s positive result as the level of health literacy helped the patients to understand the positive effect of food, diet, and lifestyle related changes in maintaining diabetic condition. In a research conducted by Barnett et al., (2012), researcher focused on health literacy and compared the same intervention applied on a patient having no knowledge of diabetes and they found that the patient having no knowledge of diabetes was not being able to understand the positive effect self-management interventions and hence, neglected all the important interventions to improve his condition. The future implication of this research was to understand the benefit of health literacy in improving diabetic patient’s diet and nutrition and lifestyle related modification as it can only be implemented with the positive consent of the patient without any force (Vandenbosch et al., 2018).
While recommending new processes, the limitation of the previous researches should be understood. The limitation of the first literature was related to its used intervention in which, researchers completely focused on the health literacy and did not implemented any medical treatment for patient improvement, which might limited the result of the research. Hence, with implementation of health literacy approach, the medical intervention should also be implemented (Snow, Sandall & Humphrey, 2014). Secondly, the other research by MakkiAwouda, Elmukashfi and Al-Tom (2014) was having a small sample size and they allowed the implement the patient’s own knowledge of the patient related to the disease, hence limited the scope of it. Therefore, the recommendation will be using a big sample size so that implementation of the interventions can be done in the research (Inzucchi et al., 2012). The limitation of the third research article was related to the method of obtaining data that is using personal questionnaire to understand the understanding or improvement. This was the limitation, as the patients had limited health literacy and while filling the questionnaire they might not be comfortable sharing their physical unwellness with others hence, there is a possibility that the data filled by them is not appropriate. For this purpose, usage of face to face interview would have been a better replacement so that bias-free results can be obtained (Vandenbosch et al., 2018).
Conclusion
The global healthcare society has already determined and established diabetes as one of the chronic lifestyle and related disorder that can affect the patient if the patient is unaware of the specific interventions related to the disease. In this context, health literacy is one of the major aspect to combat with the disorder as it helps to prevent the disease by providing information related to the precautions and enhancers of patient improvements. Hence, in this assignment research related to health literacy was conducted and then using the health literacy, the importance of this in improving patient condition was determined. Several literatures were also searched to understand the effectiveness of it. Finally, a set of recommendations were provided so that limitations of previously available researches can be overcome in the latest research.
References
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2015). Overweight & obesity. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-statistics/behaviours-risk-factors/overweight-obesity/overview
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2017). Impact of physical inactivity as a risk factor for chronic conditions: Australian Burden of Disease. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/burden-of-disease/impact-of-physical-inactivity-chronic-conditions/contents/summary
Haas, L., Maryniuk, M., Beck, J., Cox, C. E., Duker, P., Edwards, L., … & McLaughlin, S. (2012). National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. The Diabetes Educator, 38(5), 619-629.
health.gov.au. (2017). National Strategic Framework for Chronic Conditions. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/nsfcc
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., … & Matthews, D. R. (2012). Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia, 55(6), 1577-1596.
MakkiAwouda, F. O., Elmukashfi, T. A., & Al-Tom, S. A. H. (2014). Effects of Health Education of Diabetic Patient’s Knowledge at Diabetic Health Centers, Khartoum State, Sudan: 2007-2010. Global journal of health science, 6(2), 221.
Rockette-Wagner, B., Edelstein, S., Venditti, E. M., Reddy, D., Bray, G. A., Carrion-Petersen, M. L., … & Montez, M. G. (2015). The impact of lifestyle intervention on sedentary time in individuals at high risk of diabetes. Diabetologia, 58(6), 1198-1202.
Snow, R., Sandall, J., & Humphrey, C. (2014). Use of clinical targets in diabetes patient education: qualitative analysis of the expectations and impact of a structured self?management programme in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 31(6), 733-738.
Thongsai, S., & Youjaiyen, M. (2013). The long-term impact of education on diabetes for older people: a systematic review. Global journal of health science, 5(6), 30.
Vandenbosch, J., Van den Broucke, S., Schinckus, L., Schwarz, P., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., … & Terkildsen-Maindal, H. (2018). The impact of health literacy on diabetes self-management education. Health Education Journal, 77(3), 349-362
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