The fossil fuel on earth is starting to come to an end. Due to this circumstance, a serious consideration on developing the renewable energy is given by the whole world including Malaysia. There are many initiatives that had been developed over the years on various alternatives energy program, harvesting and producing energy from renewable resources such as the wind and the ocean.
Ocean energy is one of the most assuring energy source. From oceans, the thermal power can be harvested from difference of temperature of warm shallow water and deeper cold waters, potential and kinetic power, from the tides, waves and streams power (Huckerby, 2012).
The oceans around the world possess huge potential to generate electrical power (Bahaj, 2011). Generation of electricity from ocean power can offer many advantages when compared with other renewable energy sources (Myers & Bahaj, 2005).
Malaysia is situated between latitudes 1° and 7° North and longitudes 107° and 119 ° East. It is located in the equatorial zone and the surrounded by sea (Yaakob et al.
, 2013). The total land area is 330,400 km while the shoreline totals approximately 4,809 km (Ooi, 1996). The vast area of Malaysia’s coastline is a huge advantage making tidal range energy a reliable alternative energy source for the country (Shafie et al., 2011). Hence, Malaysia has the potential to develop an ocean energy program.
From the previous research (Haifaa, 2017), the potential location to implement a tidal barrage is at Pulau Langkawi. Pulau Langkawi is considered suitable because it has low maritime traffic, situated far away from large waves and sea erosion and also has high electricity public demand although the tidal range is low rather low.
The proposed concept design of the tidal barrage at the location is a single basin tidal barrage. The design consists of a basin, sluice gates and embankment.
The tidal barrage also generates energy from a two-way generation method. Two- ways generation method is the operation of both ebb and flood generation to generate electricity [3]. Both incoming and outgoing tides creates power through the turbines. However, adjustable turbines are necessary (Hammons, 1993; Hammons, 2011). Two-way generations have advantages such as reduced non-generation period and a decrease in the number of generators (Jakhrani et al., 2013). By using the two-way generation method, an estimated Annual Output Power of 0.46Gwh was produed from the concept design.
In brief, based on the facts mentioned above, Malaysia has the potential in developing an ocean energy program such as the tidal barrage. It gives a huge advantage to developing this alternative way of power generation method. However, there is also a need to determine whether the ocean energy in Malaysia could benefit the economic growth in the country, such as the development of tidal barrage at Pulau Langkawi.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a preliminary design for tidal energy plant at the chosen site of Pulau Langkawi. From this, the research will give an overview of the estimated power output, in order for a techno economics analysis on the preliminary design of the tidal barrage to be carried out. This techno economics analysis is to analyse the economic feasibility and costing and also the environmental effects due to the development.
Regardless of the fact that the fossil mainly oil and natural gas are getting depleted over the years, non-renewable energy in Malaysia is still used as the main power generation method, unaware of the upcoming effect. Therefore, renewable energy resources such as solar, wind and ocean have been made as alternatives in harvesting energy. Ocean energy is one of the most promising solution and tidal energy is a convincing method of power generation considering the technological advancements over the years and the location of Malaysia itself.
However, although harvesting tidal energy can produce a large amount of electricity, there is no active implementation in Malaysia. No tidal energy barrage is being developed in Malaysian waters. There are some factors that may have contributed to the problem such as Malaysia tidal only have the average height of 2.5 to 3.0 meters (Yaakob et. al, 2006). In other words, there is no data that can be used as a guideline to develop a preliminary design and also for power estimation calculation.
Regarding the concept design developed in the previous research (Haifaa, 2017), the calculation of energy output and power estimation failed to consider a few parameters such as the tidal period and type of generation. Hence, a new calculation regarding the proposed concept design has to be done.
Besides that, there is no contribution of tidal energy electricity production in Malaysia because it is not listed as an eligible renewable source. In Malaysia, five of technologies will be eligible for tariff payment once the law enters into force, namely waste, biomass, biogas, small hydro and solar photovoltaics. The resource potential of
other technologies, such as wind power, geothermal and tidal power, has not yet been fully assessed (Thanakodi et. al, 2016). At present, there is no Feed in Tariff rates for the development of tidal energy projects in Malaysia.
The scope of this study is to developing a preliminary design of the tidal energy barrage following the previous Undergraduate Project don by Haifaa Azira in 2017. The design development is in line with the proposed concept design and chosen location of Pulau Langkawi. Overall, the study is developing a preliminary design and appropriate tidal range power arrangement at constructed barrage, Pulau Langkawi involving data collecting of the determined, selecting a suitable turbine, and calculating output energy.
Based on the developed preliminary design, an assessment of tecnoeconomics of the project is carried out. The result of the assessment will not also be used to determine the economic study of developing the tidal energy barrage in Malaysia but also the environmental effects regarding the project.
The purpose of this chapter is to present all the reviewed related literature and researches prior to the development of energy tidal barrage from different studies. This chapter is divided into five main parts. The first parts give a brief on the ocean energy, details on tidal energy and explains the concept of the tidal barrage focusing more based on the concept design. The next part deliberates the calculation of energy output based on theoretical calculation. The third part focuses on the selection of a suitable tidal range turbine based on parameter while the forth part presents the preliminary design of the tidal barrage. The fifth and last part, confers the techno economics assessments of the preliminary design of the tidal barrage proposed.
The oceans around the world possess huge potential to generate electrical power (Bahaj, 2011). From oceans, the thermal power can be harvested from difference of temperature of warm shallow water and deeper cold waters, potential and kinetic power, from the tides, waves and streams power. The main types of ocean energy are, tidal barrage energy, tidal stream energy, wave energy, salinity gradient energy, and thermal energy (Huckerby, 2012).
In this project however, the main focus is on the tidal range energy. The adjacent calculations, data collecting, parameters and everything related is done considering the tidal range power requirements and limitations.
Tidal energy exploits the natural rise and fall of ocean surface caused principally by the interaction of the gravitational fields of the Sun and the Moon (Yaakob et al., 2006). The tidal range can normally range from 5-7 meter. However, some coastlines, the tidal ranges can be up to 11 m. Tidal range power can be generated and harvested where the tidal range flow is available which means that it cannot be generated inland (Meisen & Loiseau, 2009).
Tidal energy potential had been developed by numerous countries. France was one of the countries that not only investigated the potential in harvesting the tidal energy but produces a successful result from the demonstration plant that was built on the Rance estuary during the 1960’s and has now completed years of successful operation. La Rance Tidal Power Plant, the largest tidal power plant in the world, is able to produce 500GWh per year. The electricity is generated by releasing water through turbines after filling up the basing during high tides.
A tidal energy barrage consists of a basin, embankment, sluice gates and turbines in order to be able to generate electricity through the tides. This barrages dam will be across the river estuary or a bay on the coast. There are two type of tidal barrage which are single basin and double basin tidal barrage (Araquistain, 2006). In this case, following the concept design, the single basin tidal barrage is proposed.
A single basin tidal barrage is where the arrangement of the tidal barrage only one basin and a barrage across a bay or an estuary.
For a tidal barrage to operate within a single basin, there are three main method of generating energy which are ebb generation, flood generation and two ways generation that combines both ebb and flood generation. In accordance to the proposed concept design, the method of operation chosen is the two-way generation.
The method of two- way generation is the operation of both ebb and flood generation to generate electricity (Araquistain, 2006). During flood cycle, the sluice gates is closed until near the end of the cycle then water is flowed through the turbine to generate electricity. The gates are closed again for a sufficient hydrostatic head to generate electricity is obtained by filling up the barrage. After reaching upon that level, water is flowed through the turbine to generate electricity. This is called ebb mode. Then, it is closed again once the minimum hydrostatic head to generate electricity is reached. The two- way generation mode was chosen as it is considered as the most efficient method, with the ability to reduce period of non-generation and cost of generators due to lower peak power (Haifaa, 2017). However, two-way generation requires a two- way turbine as well.
Theoretical calculation method is based upon derived equations. For tidal barrage, basin size and mean tidal range has an important influence on power generation.
One of the important component of the tidal barrage is the turbine. Turbines are positioned in the barrage and their viability is being accepted through the installation of various plants (Bae et al., 2010; Hammons, 2011). However, tidal barrage usually implements low tidal range turbine and it can be said that most of the tidal range power plants use low tidal range turbine (Xia et al., 2010). This is because the turbine selection is mostly dependent on the accessible tidal range and flow rate. The flow rate is used to conclude the turbine capacity while the lowest water range required for low tidal range turbine to operates is only between 1 to 1.5 meter. Other factors that needed consideration also is the turbine efficiency and the price of purchasing.
For turbine selection to different types of turbines, of the calculated ranges of the tidal range, flow rate, and appropriate power are shown in Figure 2.4. Figure 2.4 presented four different types of turbines namely, Pelton, Francis, Kaplan and bulb type turbine. The calculated ranges are between 50kW to 1,000MW. The flow rate values start from 1.0 to 1000m3/s and height ranges of tidal range are between at minimum 2m to 2,000m.
Up until today, there are three type of turbine that is used in the tidal barrage arrangement and two of them are being considered in this project. These tidal range turbines are originated from hydropower design.
Bulb type turbine is considered as the most efficient turbine to be implemented in a tidal barrage because of the operation of the turbine itself. Bulb type turbine comes with changeable guide vanes. Changeable guide vanes are used to control water optimally agreeing to head and flow levels. As the water runs and passes over the vanes, performing on the runner blades, the runner blades will change their angle and permits an optimum situation for power extraction. Not to mention, bulb type turbine is also efficient for a two-way method generation.
The efficiency of implementing bulb turbine can be proven with the success of the La Rance Tidal Power Plant. The barrage comprises 24 changeable 10MW bulb turbines functioning with a typical hydrostatic head of 5 meters (Etemadi et al., 2011).
The method of processing of the La Rance tidal power ability uses a grouping of two-way generation and pumped storage. The facility harvests a net power production of about 480GWh/year (Etemadi et al., 2011). The 40 years of the process have proven the practicability of tidal power plants (Charlier, 2007).
The second turbine design considered is the straflo turbine or also known as rim-type turbine.Figure 2.5 presents the straflo turbine.
The efficiency of implementing straflo turbine can be proven with the success of the Annapolis tidal power plant in Canada. The barrage comprises of straflo turbines is able to produce around 50 GWh of electricity per year. The design of the straflo turbine is it contains a generator positioned at right angles of the turbine blade for the efficiency by increasing the turbine accessibility. However, one thing to be considered is that the design is not suitable for tidal with pumping process (Leghari et al., 2012). This is due to the circumstance of the pumping process affects the turbine routine flexibility (Sheth & Shahidehpour, 2005). The main advantage of the straflo turbine is the capability on producing a big amount of electricity. On the other side, it is difficult to maintain due to the design and it is very costly (Waters & Aggidis, 2016).
In sum, both of the turbine are considered in the preliminary design of the tidal barrage. But then, the factors need to be really carefully considered regarding the efficiency, the purchasing cost, the maintenance and also the environmental effects. This is because, despite the advantages of both turbines in harvesting energy, the fish mortality affected terribly.
The preliminary design of the tidal barrage is based on the concept design in the previous study. The design consists of a single basin and using two-way method. The fixed location for the development is in Pulau Langkawi.
In accordance to the developed design of a tidal power plant at the Saemangeum project in South Korea (Swane, 2007), the first step of the design process is that the final measurements of the turbines were calculated. Final measurements of turbine are the turbine diameter and the centreline of turbine. The powerhouse’s dimensions can be calculated with the combination of specification site realities once the turbine measurements are determined. Dimensions of power house are draft tube and turbine bay. Power house is to be constructed at the space required of barrage gates.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download