The case study for this research is Bulwar Moreton Island and the management of invasive weeds. The Bulwar Moreton Island contains various types of natural habitats like rainforests, woodlands, Vine forests, coastal health lands and mangrove forests. These habitats are threatened to be effected by the invasion and colonization of weeds (Randall, 2017). Weeds have many harmful effects of these types of natural habitats (ecosystem) as it destroys the vegetation which are grown for livelihood of natives and the wildlife (Harker & O’donovan, 2013). The weeds disrupt the water flow and deplete the oxygen level of the water bodies. The invasive weeds are not native to Australia and some of the plants become invasive weeds as their huge growth in various areas compete with other native plants. Examples of such type of weeds are fishbone fern and the umbrella tree (Cronk & Fuller, 2014). For destroying the weeds it is required to identify the species of weeds and then management of them. The regional council of the Bulwer Moraton Island offers some conservation programs like Bush care, land for wildlife and the backyards for wildlife. The native people are invited for joining of these programs and help in the management of the weeds. The Regional Council manages the weeds on council reserves and properties and waterways across the region. A weed legislation is followed by the people of the Queensland.
It is considered that weeds are real threat on the regular habitat. They have devastating effects on the natural habitats, destroying local plants and animals and stifling the natural system including forests and rivers. Specifically or in a roundabout way, it is found that the natives of Australia are influenced by invasive plants. It inhibits the crops and agricultural products, attack crops, cover fields and some of the species can hurt domesticated animals. There is lot of expenditure involved in the management of the weeds and this cost is indirectly included long with the cost of the produce.
The invasive species have a negative impact on the biodiversity by forming dense crowd and using up all the nutrients sunlight and space so that they outnumber the native species. Out of 2800 species of plants in Australia, almost 700 are potential weeds which are termed dangerous. Weeds decrease the amount and nature of Australia’s agrarian, plant and forest products, influencing both industry and buyers. It is assessed that weeds cost Australian farmers around $1.5 billion a year in weed control exercises and a further $2.5 billion a year in lost agricultural production. Weeds in Australia cause approx loss of 4 billion dollars per year. The financial expenditure of weeds to the environment is hard to compute. It is hard to relate that the cost involved in weed management to the price finally put on produce of the industries. The CRC for Australian Weed Management has done specific research and published the findings relating to the cost of invasive species on the conditions of Australia and its sectors of agriculture.
Weeds are one of the significant dangers to Australia’s regular habitat. Significant weed intrusions change the characteristic differences and adjust of biological groups. These progressions debilitate the survival of many plants and creatures in light of the fact that the invasive plants compete with native plants for area, supplements and daylight. The local vegetation groups of Australia are attacked, or are defenceless against intrusion by invasive weeds that could bring about changes to the structure and composition of species, fire recurrence and wealth of local groups (Estévez et al., 2015). Broadly, invasive weeds keep on invading the land with fascinating species representing around 15% of greenery (Dang et al., 2015). Around one-fourth of them are either genuine ecological weeds or can possibly be serious weeds. Weeds may out-contend local plants in light of the fact that the pests or diseases may not influence them so much that they can regularly control them in their characteristic natural surroundings or the detrimental condition of the environment gives distinctive conditions that better suit the attacking weed (LÓPEZ?GRANADOS, 2011). Therefore the invasive species can grow faster than local plants and effectively go after accessible supplements, water, space and daylight (Kathiresan & Gualbert, 2016). It may also diminish ecosystems by covering local plants or affecting the native plants from developing back in the wake of other unsettling influence and destroying the local plants that creatures use for safe house, nourishment and settling. The invasive version plants are frequently brilliant at surviving and imitating in harsh situations and are regularly the principal species to colonize and overwhelm in these situations. Weeds in the sea spread over wide ranges in a brief span. Acquainted ocean growth accompanied Australia in the mid 1980s in the counterweight water of boats. They are presently attacking marine situations along the bank of south-eastern Australia.
The effect of weeds on agriculture and its products are diverse. Weeds decrease crops and produce of forest, they attack crops, cover lands and now and again can hurt domesticated animals (Carlos et al., 2014). They forcefully go after water, supplements and daylight, bringing about diminished harvest yield and poor product quality. For instance, prickle hedges, for example, Gorse, Blackberries, Prickly Acacia, Parkinsonia and Mesquite can attack huge zones of brushing area forestalling gainful utilization of that land (Stoeckl et al., 2015). Weeds contaminate agriculture produce.
Agriculturists invest a lot of energy and cash managing weeds. In spite of control endeavours, a current Australian Bureau of Statistics overview of issues confronting the agribusiness business found that weeds were the most regularly announced common asset administration issue influencing landowners (Jabran et al., 2015). Weed-related issues influenced 73% of Australian horticultural foundations amid 2004-05. This looks at to 46% of agriculturists detailing soil and land issues and 38% revealing water issues (Weller et al., 2015).
Weeds can likewise bring about human medical issues. Numerous regular weeds, for example, Parthenium Weed, Ragweed, Rye Grass and Privet cause asthma and other respiratory issues, particularly in kids. A few weeds can likewise bring about skin aggravation and some are harmful. Some water weeds, for example, Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and (Cabomba caroliniana) can influence the nature of our drinking water if pervasions are not overseen inside water supply dams. There are no normal attributes of a toxic substance or hurtful weed that would help recognize them. In any case, when in doubt, plants with a sharp taste, bizarre smell, smooth sap or red berries might be toxic with a few plants having harmful roots and globules.
Weed management choices differ as indicated by vegetation cycles, pervasion estimate, ecological parameters and administration destinations. Hand-pulling a weed species groups, for example, Canada thorn or verdant spurge is a pointless exertion, yet exceptionally powerful for control of a biennial plant, for example, diffuse knapweed. Discharging bio control insects for control of Dalmatian toadflax on a 500 section of land property is shrewd, however depending on creepy crawlies for controlling little fixes on a 40 section of land field is wasteful. Fruitful weed administration requires appropriate plant distinguishing proof, choice of compelling administration strategies and observing the impacts after some time.
Prevention is the most basic part of weed administration. Once a poisonous weed invasion ends up noticeably settled, any expansion in size and thickness makes progressively more costly administration endeavours. Attention to weed seed sources and plant recognizable proof is an absolute necessity. The Weed District office needs to be contacted for help with ID or to set up a site visit, and perceive:
Weeds spread in a variety of ways. It can spread by wind like Dandelions. These Dandelions can also float on a stiff breeze and carried to other fields where they grow. The weed seeds can also be transported with the help of animals. The animals eat vegetation and along with it the seeds of weeds. The seeds get dispersed when the animals excrete. The seeds remain viable and have the potential to germinate (Jacobs & Brock, 1993). Native people are also responsible for the transport of the weeds as the seeds get stuck to the clothes of the people and it travel through them from one location to another.
According to the U.S. department of agriculture there are 90 weeds which are declared noxious (difficult to control) and are transported by the previously mentioned means in other locations. Yellow Starthistle is a type of weeds transported through waterways and airways and has affected millions of acres of land in the California. This type of weeds is very dangerous as it causes chewing disease of horses if it grazes and eats the weeds. This disease affects the brain of horse and it is unable to chew its food. Another type of weed is Purple Loosestrife which spreads over wetlands and causes imbalance in aquatic fauna and can spread at tremendous pace Peters, K., (Breitsameter & Gerowitt, 2014). This one weeds can produce about 2.1 million seeds per year.
Weed seed can be spread from neighbouring properties, contiguous street privileges of-way and trails. Coordinate sources are frequently animals, fertilizer, seed, roughage, vehicles and hardware. Aggravated ground is most helpless against weed intrusion; new streets, pipelines and different destinations where aggressive vegetation has been evacuated. With no reclamation (see social control) weeds will probably show up (Teasdale, 2016).
Early identification and fast reaction spares time and cash. Forceful administration activity on little, recently settled pervasions can bring about annihilation. “An ounce of counteractive action is justified regardless of a pound of cure.” The need for the management and prevention of the weeds is getting importance because it has been found out by the researchers that movement of goods animals and vehicles which are used in agriculture transports the seeds of weeds (Williams et al., 2002). Weed prevention in case of agriculture can be done by being vigilant about introduction of stock, fodder or seed in the farming area (Salvi et al., 2015). The farmers need to buy certified fodder and seeds of vegetation which is free from weeds. The movement of vehicles and machinery should be restricted because these also facilitate the movement of seeds of weeds along with it. The farmers should consider the fact that in the property of agriculture should not allow the use of vehicles and the machinery without proper washing and disinfection.
Prevention of weed in the background of the houses of the native people so that weeds do not spread to other geographical location through their clothes or vehicles or pet animals. This can be done by choosing of plants before gardening which do not have potential to become weeds. Checking of garden for healthy plants, identification and removing the weeds if present. The natives should be aware that they should not be involved in the spread of weeds. They can use mulch in the soil surfaces to reduce the weed growth (Pearson et al., 2016).
In this type of methods involvement of biological pests or natural enemies of invasive plants are used for reducing the effects of weed. The aim of this process is to reunite weeds with their natural enemies (Rosenthal et al., 1984).. But this control has one disadvantage that the bio control pests which are used for the weed control can also harm the other necessary plantation and vegetation desirable for use (Charudattan & Dinoor, 2000)..
In Australia there was a success of use of Cactoblastis moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) to control Prickly Pear (Opuntia Stricta). The prickly pear is widely spread in large tracts of north east Australia and also affecting Bulwar Moreton Island. The larvae of the Cactoblastis moth eat the leaves and seedpods of the prickly pear (Myers & Cory,2017).
In this type of methods, the weed growth can be reduced using another species of plants which are more competitive in nature. If the new plant used is more competitive in nature then they will use all the nutrition and available sunlight and moisture. Thus the weeds will not get any supplement and their growth can be stopped.
This method of weed removal is done using physical or mechanical means. The use of mowing, grazing, mulching, tilling, burning or by hand is the methods used in this process (Bond & Grundy, 2001). These methods can be used depending on some factors like the purpose of area used and physical characteristic and value of the land. Hay making mowing and grazing is done before the production of weed seeds so that restriction of weed on that land is possible (Allan et al., 2016). Mulching is a method in which the ground is covered by organic material. This reduces the growth of the weeds as the organic material layer stops the sunlight from reaching the weeds so the weeds are unable to grow. Tilling or cultivation methods is a method in which the soil is ploughed well which makes the weed seeds to get buried in deep under the soil which leads to the killing of weeds seed. Burning removes the total body of the weed plant. It can be done by burning the weeds plants before sowing of fresh seeds (Vincent et al., 2013).
The researcher in this project has specified use of physical hand extradition of the weeds in the Bulwer Moraton Island of Australia. This method can be used in which the farmer or the gardener can use their bare hands to pull out the weed along with the roots. Proper care should be taken so that the seeds the plants are not spread along with it. The extracted weeds should be put in a bag and dumped properly in the place specified for it.
This is done by the use of pesticides and herbicides in the field before plantation of new plants and vegetation. The use of chemical are not considered nowadays as it is quite harmful and the use of herbicides is done for chemical Control of weeds (Mesnage, et al., 2014). The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority is the authority of Australia which are in charge of the checking and registering of the pesticides so that the harmful effects of it are reduced. Herbicides are chemicals, which affects weeds in a number of ways (Lemerle et al., 2014). The specific mode of action of herbicides have made them preferable than the pesticides (Ervin et al., 2016).. The herbicides act on the weeds by changing the growth patterns of the weed, by drying the leaves or stems and by defoliating the weed plants. The herbicides used here can be applied in the field by various methods like Foliar spraying, Basal bark spraying, stem injection, cut stump application and cut and swab (Gill & Garg, 2014).
This type of weed management includes use of more than one technique of the weed management techniques together (Bajwa et al., 2015). If one technique is used for long time then there will be chance of reoccurrence of weeds (Andrew et al., 2015). For example if herbicides are used for longer period of time then there is a chance that the weed species will attain resistance from it (Heap, 2014).
A long term weed management plan can be made with all the available method which can be planned and used one after the other. This type of management plan should focus on the most economical and effective control of the weeds (Pannacci & Tei, 2014). The long term approach of this strategy will help to reduce the extent of the weeds and reduce the weed stock in the soil. Considerations are made for the achievement of the removal of weeds without affecting the quality of land such as ecology or agricultural crops (Kalhapure et al., 2013).
There are limitations of the weed management projects.
Proper education and training of weed management:-
The natives of Australia are required to inform and train properly regarding the potential weeds which invaded the place. The list of weeds and its identification is required to be provided by the concerned authority to the natives. If people are aware of the identification of potential weeds then only they will be able to choose the methods by which they can go for the treatment of the weeds
The physical method which includes burning technique is very dangerous if it is not executed properly. If the burning technique of weeds are not managed and controlled properly it can cause loss to the nearby ecosystems. The fire can cause damage to other plants and animals if not controlled.
The farmers are reluctant to use non chemical methods of weed management due to following reasons:-
The chemical technique which includes the use of pesticides and herbicides are more useful as per survey than the non-chemical methods (Upadhyaya & Blackshaw, 2007). But use of pesticides is not used nowadays because it causes variation in the product quality of essential plants and makes the produce harmful for human consumption (Bajwa et al., 2014). Thus, herbicides are being used from certain period of time. But according to research it is found that some strains of weeds are getting resistant to the herbicides and their growth is not reducing. Such herbicides resistant weeds are now a concern which needs to be solved Kirkegaard et al., 2014). According to survey about 62 weed species have developed resistance against the herbicides in total of 21 countries. Among the resistant species 32 % are grass weeds. The increasing resistance and absence of new modes of actions are a cause of concerns (Beckie & Harker 2017).
It is a major cause of concern. The use of non chemical methods need much of labour and maintenance so that there is no reoccurrence of the weeds occur. Farmers feel that the non-chemical methods are more suitable for weed control than the non-chemical methods. The Farmers are reluctant to use the non-chemical methods (Varanasi et al., 2016).
The limitations can be improved if some new steps of guidelines are changed.
There should be an education and training program arranged for the identification of the potential invasive weeds that are causing threat for agriculture and other products. The qualified professional should give training for the identification of weeds so that the farmers can save their produce from the weeds. The farmers should also be trained for selecting proper control methods and ways of applying them (Buhler, 2002).
The use of non chemical methods is a problem for farmers as they feel that its application requires too much labour and time. Also the use of herbicides continuously is creating resistant weeds which are spreading even after application of those chemicals. The chemical resistant weeds are very hard to destroy. To solve this problem integrated weed management plan can be followed by the farmers so that they do not invest too much time only for one method (Howell & Terry, 2016). The use of two or three methods will reduce the time and this will lead to proper weed management.
The reduction in the cost of the weed management is difficult but can be achieved in some ways. One method is the use of crop rotation which is a process in which a series of different types of crops are planted in same area and in a sequence. This method is used so that all the nutrients are not used up from the soil and each nutrient is used sequentially. Thus if one type of crop is not used and changed regularly then the growth of weed will be reduced.
Proper use of herbicides can be done by first comparing the prices of them. The prices of herbicides vary on quality and on manufacturing companies. Some factors should be kept in mind while purchasing herbicides. These factors include safety of crop, flexibility in the timing of the application, checking for performance and checking of seed cost along with herbicides. Some companies provide specific programs with the herbicides. If the farmer purchase entire program he can avail special discounts (Frasconi et al., 2014). Reduction in the use of herbicides along with proper management of weeds can lead to cost reduction. Some strategies can be applied like using reduced rates of herbicides along with cultivation and increasing flexibility with the use of postemergence herbicides.
Measures which are required to be followed to protect ecosystems from invasive species in Moreton Island National park:-
Moreton Island National Park is gazetted under Nature Conservation Act 1992 (NCA). The land covers around 16,900 hectares of land down to the high water mark (HWM). The principles for the management of a National Park under Section 17 of the NCA are as follows:-
One of the major and potential threat for the conservation of the native vegetation of moreton island is the increase in the abundance and dominance of introduced invasive plant species (Gibbes, et al., 2013). A proposed guideline is used for the management of the weeds in moreton island. It includes the following steps.
To monitor the weed control activities.
Types of weeds found in Bulwer Moreton Island:-
There are four types of weeds which are listed as invasive plants and needs proper management.
These type of weeds are required to be controlled by the landowners on their property and should not be introduced or released without permission or else penalty will be applied. These type of weeds are not commonly present but can damage industries natural environment and health of livestock and human. The landowners need to inform the Bio security of Queensland about sighting of these high risk weeds. Some examples of such weeds are Alternanthera philoxeroides (Alligator weed), Chrysanthemoides monilifera species(bitou bush), Cabomba species( Cabomba) and Nassella neesiana(Chilean needle grass).
These type of also must be taken care of by landowners and needs to be reported to the concerned authority. For example Lycium ferocissimum(African boxthorn), Sporobolus africanas( Dwarf Parramatta grass) and senecio madagascariensis( firewood).
These type of weeds are needed to be controlled by landowners who are having property nearby an environmentally significant area and should restrain themselves form introduction and selling of these weeds. Some examples are Pennisetum setaceum( African fountain grass) Spathodea campanulata(African tulip tree) and Cardiospermum grandiflorum( Balloon shaped vine).
These are Plants which can disrupt native flora ecosystems and communities. No requirement of legislation is required in this type of weeds. But control should be maintained so to reduce impacts of these non declared weeds. Some examples are Eragrostis curvula(African lovegrass), Agave Americana( Agave), Echinochloa polystachya(Aleman grass).
The two main types of weeds which threatens ecosystem of Bulwer Moreton island are Asparagus Fern and Pricky pear.
This type of weed is long and prickly stem of almost 2m long. Leaves are light green slender and are found in shallow soiled headlands. It germinates slowly and needs moisture. It dominantly covers complete area affecting the native plants even in harsh systems. Methods for its control include the removal of the berries and seeds. The entire stem needs to be removed from underground using knife so that it does not grow back. Use of herbicides is effective in stopping its spreading. The methods used in herbicides applications are spot spray and cut-stump methods. The biological control is unknown for it.
This type of weed is in a shape of cactus with thorns. It is major concern in Moreton island as it covers entire area and cause disruption of the ecosystem. Methods for its control include chemical control with the help of Monosodium methaearsonate and glyphosate. These herbicides are required to be injected in the stem. The biological control includes prickly pear moth Cactoblastis cactorum along with Dactylopius opuntiae. These two are potential enemy of prickly pear.
The Australian government is responsible for control of weeds by quarantine. The Quarantine Act 1908 allows the govt department to prevent the introduction of weeds by checking of incoming luggage, cargo mails, animals, plants and their produce. The government also made Biological Control Act 1985 in which the weeds can be declared target for biological control. The Australian government is responsible for introduction of new plants and animals. This is done by Environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999.
Methods of controls used for the Asparagus fern and Prickly pear:-
Moreton Island is about 40km from the coast of Brisbane and it is normally considered as protected from the invading species of plants and animals. But the island is not immune to the invasion of the weeds. The presence of Asparagus Fern in the Bulwer Moreton Island is a very serious problem for the native bush land and quickly turns into dominant vegetation as compared to the native vegetation already present there. The weed removes the wildlife and the native habitat and is spread into the area as its seeds are spread form the berries of the weed by the activity of the fruit eating birds. According to the Biosecurity Act 2014 asparagus Fern is termed as the restrictive invasive plant in the Bulwer Moreton Island. According to general biosecurity obligation all the people of the islands are required to help in the control of this weed without releasing the plant in the environment. The weed Asparagus Fern was brought to Australia from South Africa by the nursery industry as a garden plant. But it has become so rapid following infestations in the sandy soils of many places in the Australia that it has become a headache for the government. The weed is low sprawling having prickly green stem which are protruding upwards above the ground. The stems are running in nature and spreads affectively and 2 meters in length. The color of the flower is either green or red berries which are 5-8mm across, and they have extensive cover of underground weed mat along with grape like tubers. The ability of this fern is that they can withstand harsh and dry weather. This type of harsh condition is difficult for growth of normal vegetation and thus are overpowered and spread by Asparagus Fern. The weed can also grow rapidly in leaf litter.
Some of the best physical methods for its control also include snipping of the flowering and the fruiting runners. This will help in reducing the spreading of seeds. The plant body of the weed or the underground grapes and the weed mat can be dug out and burned. This will help to prevent the regrowth of the weed. During application of these physical methods proper care should be taken so that there is no spreading of berries or any part of the weed mat as it will again lead to its regrowth. The council of the Bulwer Moreton Island also helped in management of this asparagus fern by treating the target areas with herbicides. But the plan was found to be unsuccessful as the runners were destroyed but the weed mat which is found underground remained intact and again leads to the growth of the weed
This type of weed is from the family cactacea and having genus Opuntia. These type of weeds grow abundantly affecting other vegetations. The prickly pear have flat rounded cladodes which are flat organs arising from the stem of the plant. This cladodes contains two type of spines. One is large smooth and fixed, the other is small hairlike and are termed as glochids which can cause injury for the animal or humans as it can penetrate the skin. Almost six different species of the pricky pear is found. Among these species almost 14 different varieties are found. This is the reason they are described as an example for adaptive radiation. This Pricky Pear are food for certain animals like giant tortoises. This weed is widespread and declared as a class 4 Noxious weed in the Bulwer Moreton Island. There are many methods which help in treatment of these weeds. The methods which are chosen for the destruction of Pricky pear depends on some factors like determination by the size of the problem, the resources which is available and the time constraints which are worked upon. The following methods can be used for the controlling of this weed as stated under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 recommended by IDNWA. These methods can be used for the control of this type of weed in Bulwer Moreton Island. Prickly pear can be effectively killed by using herbicides. The herbicides which are registered for the control of the prickly pear are Access, Garlon and Grazon. It is required to use the correct control technique for ensuring that the weeds are killed at the first attempt. The label of the bottle should be read and consulted with the IDNWA so that any query regarding the herbicides will be solved. The method best suited for the application of these herbicides is the use of Foliar Spary application. The method includes use of Hand Gun for treating the foliage of the weed. If herbicides are not spread properly on the weed then only entire plant will get killed or else partial killing will lead to regrowth. The physical methods may include grubbing manually of the plants. The grubbing is possible when the soil is moist. The removal of all root and the plants segments leads to the complete killing or else any remaining parts can re establish. The grubbed parts need to be put in bag and so that the seeds and thorns are not able to regrow. Some biological controls can be included for the management. The agents include Cochineal and Cactoblastis, which can help in effective killing of the weed. Another method includes removal of the prickly pear, then replacing it with another useful species. This replacement technique will help to control the overgrowth of weeds. The management techniques like regeneration of the native plants and maintenance of a competitive ground cover can both help in the management of the prickly pear or any other species from the re-establishment. This should be involved in every overall control program.
Discussion and Conclusion:-
The research project is based on a review of the invasive weed management of weeds and the case study is related to Bulwer Moreton Island of Australia. Weeds are termed as the most potential enemy of ecosystem that destroys by growing in abundance and covering an entire area which are meant for vegetation. The weeds compete with the natural vegetation for nutrients space and sunlight. The weeds growth is faster and they use up all the nutrients and thus the desired vegetation are not able to survive along with the weeds. The weeds spread rapidly within a geographical location through clothes of people or by animals, machinery and other means. The management of these weeds are necessary because it will reduce the produce of the vegetation required for native people and it will destroy aquatic ecosystem as well. There are various methods that are needed for the management of the weeds. These include physical, chemical and biological methods. The physical methods are rigorous and time taking while chemical methods cause some side effects after application. The safe method is the biological methods but in some cases the enemy of weeds become enemy of the native vegetations (Ziska, 2014). To sort out some limitations of these managements it is suitable to use integrated weed management in which more than one technique is used. The In this research project Bulwer Moreton Island is considered. The Moreton Island is an island located in south east region of Queensland. It is rich in natural habitat but threatened by invasive weeds. The Moreton Island has 29 types of noxious weed species. Here the research report is concerned with only two main types of weeds which are Asparagus Fern and Prickly pear. Both these types of weeds are abundantly found and there removal is necessary (Glen, et al., 2013). The removal can be done by physical methods and chemical methods both. The government of Australia have made some legislation for the management of weeds. Quarantine act 1908 is used by the department officials for the quarantine of weeds in luggage or livestock so that it is not introduced within the country. The methods of removal for weeds which is discussed for the Bulwer Moreton Island is physical method in which hand picking process is followed. The chemical methods cannot be followed in Bulwer Moreton Island because its use can cause harm to aquatic and environmental ecosystem. The methods which are followed are specific to each species, for example use of Basal bark spraying for Asparagus Fern. During the removal of weeds proper care is required so that the seeds do not get disbursed through clothing. The seeds and root balls are required to be disposed by garbage bags. All these process comes under weed management. The knowledge to choose specific method for specific weed is necessary (Liebmanet al., 2016).
It can be concluded that weeds management is a complex process but most important requirement for the protection of the ecosystem. The weeds are causing almost 34 % of loss of vegetation around the world. Weeds spread rapidly and cover up an entire area of ecosystem fast. They can cause potential damage to crop, industries and also to the human health. Diseases like Asthma are caused to humans due to inhalation of weed spores. This is a big concern for the environmentalis (Walsh & Powles, (2014). Proper weed management is required for the removal of weeds. In Bulwar Moreton Island 29 species of weeds are found which are categorised into high risk, medium risk, low risk and non risky categories. These weeds needs proper management and Moraton island council have taken some measures from their side to fight this weed meneace (Wang, 2014). The council helped by using systemic herbicides than more intense contact herbicides because systemic herbicides are less harmful then contact herbicides (Rotchés et al., 2015). The intense contact herbicides can burn the plant leaves. Moreover the systemic herbicides are less poisonous than the contact version. Weed management is required to be followed by every individual starting from the government to the native people. Its a global concern and requires investment from organisations which can provide help to farmers for this management. Sometimes the farmers may face a challenge which needs to be solved by some authority. If they get proper help from contractors then it will be easier for them to get rid of the weeds. The owners of private properties having garden and planting vegetations require to remove weed from their property using specific plans (Prichard et al., 2017). They can manually plough the land and use knifes to cut and pull out the stems and the roots of the weeds and pack them in bag and dump it safe place to stop its introduction to other areas through clothes. The research project gives a complete review of the management and detail analysis has been done on the data that are available on this weed management.
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