1. My experience speaks that Australia is a country where power imbalance has been undermined by the government and the other social forums and because of that by-standards have been so vehemently prevalent in the Australian society.
I believe if the government would have been more proactive, the reporting rate of violence on women could have been increased by at least 25%. According to the statistics of the UNESCO and UNICEF, it is evident the reporting authorities and civic police in Australia have acute reluctance towards the recording of cases of violence or assault until women have been perpetrated with physical force. Again, women in Australian society do not want to be stigmatised and tabooed in the society as victims of “real rape”, as Cavanaugh (2012), confirms.
Lately, as of 2008, the Australian government introduced the Domestic Violence as well as Protection Act, which ensures that the women who report any form of physical abuse are given absolute protection after the resolution of their case. As per Fawcett and Waugh (2008), the same implies with women who are living in territories that are prone to violence. However, I feel that there were still some loopholes in the legislation that were acknowledged by the government of Australia, with the introduction of the Protection in Domestic as well as Family Violence Act implemented onwards 2012. This act improvised that stringent action would be taken in case of this is found that proper lawsuits have not been implemented by the police or the personnel in a legislative framework in case of family violence.
After the revision of the Commonwealth Code, I personally feel that the rate of community violence has been lenient to some extent. I personally appreciate the role of the zonal government of the Tasmanian region. The 24*7 reporting facility for family violence over a toll-free helpline has been effective in increasing the rate of reporting of family violence (Herschell et al. 2017).
I appreciate this step of the Intervention project for Family violence (FVIP) because this facility has been able to break the psychological barrier of Australian women. The victims now instantaneously develop the attitude to punish the promiscuities immediately after the occurrence of incidents of family violence, without the hesitation of future outcomes.
Reference:
Cavanaugh, M (2012) Theories of violence: Social science perspectives in the Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, Theory of violence from Multiple social science perspectives, 22, (5).
Fawcett, B and Waugh F (2008) Addressing Violence, Abuse and Oppression: Debates and Challenges. Routledge. Taylor and Francis Group. London and New York.
Herschell, A., Scudder, D., Schaffner, A., & Slagel, B. (2017). Feasibility and Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with Victims of Domestic Violence: A Pilot Study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(1), 271-283.
2. In the first place, discussion of the effects on the individual victim is important. In Australia, death and disability is the most common outcome suffered by women under the age of 45 who have been victimised by domestic or family violence. In devastating cases, victims have been subjected to psychological trauma. The obvious outcomes of trauma in their cases, as observed by Lawson (2012), have been shamefulness, depression and even attempt to suicide in over 11% cases. Again, 22% individual, out of the women who have shown the courage to report their state, have been subjected to conditions of homelessness. Many women have turned in to ardent alcoholic after the cases and ended up their lives in rehab centres.
Domestic violence is also one important factor for the destruction of family environments, where children have often developed traits of mental retardation and numbness owing to passive exposure to family violence. Many families prone to domestic violence have often been cornered and tabooed by society also. Police intervention for child protection is a reality for 34 of the cases of family violence. As per McDonald et al. (2017), children who grow up witnessing family violence on regular basis developed very low self-esteem in the future. They are often aggressive their behaviour towards their friends and acquainted.
Family violence has the high impact on community also along with children and victims themselves. The most important aspect is that the children in such families are never able to develop the positive and respectful relationship. The terror resulting out of family violence inflicts a permanent psychological disturbance up on them which hinders them from perceiving any positive outcomes in life. In future, many such children turn in to criminals and acquire severe mental problems also. As informed by Meyer (2016), the campaign cost for raising awareness against family violence in Australian states is approximately $4.5 billion every year.
Reference:
Lawson, J (2012) Sociological theories of intimate partner violence in the Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, 22(2), 572-590
McDonald, S. E., Collins, E. A., Maternick, A., Nicotera, N., Graham-Bermann, S., Ascione, F. R., & Williams, J. H. (2017). Intimate partner violence survivors’ reports of their children’s exposure to companion animal maltreatment: A qualitative study. Journal of interpersonal violence, 0886260516689775.
Meyer, S. (2016). Still blaming the victim of intimate partner violence? Women’s narratives of victim desistance and redemption when seeking support. Theoretical Criminology, 20(1), 75-90.
3. The research findings from a study conducted by the West Australian University and Advocare, reveals that in the western region of the country only, 12500 elderly people are exposed to some of the other forms of domestic abuse or violence. The vulnerability of the elderly people makes them most exposed to such abuse. As McDonald et al. (2017), opines, the vulnerability that is attributive of social abuse is often the lack of physical strength, which is the factor behind abuse in homes among friends and families. In residential care homes also, as the video confirms, financial vulnerability or physical disability can lead to abuse of the elderly people. The most poignant types of abuse are financial abuse, whereby family members exploit the elders with the threat to sell their property and forcibly acquire the value. Often the elders are intimidated to handover entire volume of money in their bank accounts.
Psychological abuse is another form where the female children and members majorly blackmail parents emotionally by keeping them away from their spouse or grandchildren. Other forms of abuse are Negligence, physical or sexual abuse (Krnjacki et al. 2016). Most possible causes of abuse involve extortion of money, frustration with the attributes of old age people and hesitation to live with old people around, as many youngsters feel that having elder people around, makes them feel low and shameful before the society.
Elder abuse refrains the elderly people from the rights like living with dignity and self-respect as well as enjoying their own financial and social assets (Baird et al. 2016). The enquiry paper for the elders that have been released by the ALRC has received feed from the 72000 elderly people regarding how their position in the family and the society have deteriorated in their old age (No Moore, 2018). Hence, the issue of violation of the fundamental human rights is definitely related to elder abuse.
Reference:
Baird, K. M., Saito, A. S., Eustace, J., & Creedy, D. K. (2015). An exploration of Australian midwives’ knowledge of intimate partner violence against women during pregnancy. Women and birth, 28(3), 215-220.
Krnjacki, L., Emerson, E., Llewellyn, G., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2016). Prevalence and risk of violence against people with and without disabilities: findings from an Australian population?based study. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 40(1), 16-21.
No Moore (NM). (2018). About the Cause. Retrieved on 27th September 2018. Retrieved from https://www.nomore.org.au/about-cause
4. One basic argument that can be provided in this context is that the after effects of the incidents of family violence is huge. The people who are directly involved or affected through the abusive activity are the elders who have a matured psychology. However such activities affect the children’s psychology is a different way. They develop extreme attributes in future as an impact and often develop criminal psychology also. Hence, it is urgently required that the children be subjected to PCIT or TF-CBT treatments whenever they are rescued from an adverse atmosphere of family abuse.
I would emphasize that PCIT is a relatively more complete mode of treatment. In the post-trauma phase, if a child does not receive medical intervention, Fawcett and Waugh (2008), states that mental health symptoms within 90 days. Again, family violence is inflicted upon the mother. Exposure of the mother to family violence instigates the desire to replicate the same behaviour which they see their parent undergoing. About 35% of the juvenile criminals have been the victim of family violence or have witnessed family violence. This statistics, provided by No Moore (2018), lays out a strong argument against why therapeutic intervention is urgently required by children.
The victims of family abuse also require treatment and intervention from the health care providers. In case if the victims do not receive proper treatment to recover from the violent phase, in over 50% of the cases, they develop suicidal tendencies (Territory Families, 2018). Even if they evolve temporarily from the trauma, the experience might tell upon them anytime in the near future again.
So far as the victims are concerned, in cases where the lethality assessment scorings are high, they show high responsiveness in developing ambivalent feelings. They start perceiving anyone and everyone as a perpetrator. This is why PCIT session therapy should be immediately implemented upon the victims. The same treatment is also required to be undertaken for the offenders. It is very important that the criminogenic needs of the offenders be recognised in the initial stage of therapeutic intervention for domestic violence. This can help the couple and/or other members of the family to resurrect their normal lives if the violating tendency of the infiltrators can be cured.
Reference:
Fawcett, B and Waugh F (2008) Addressing Violence, Abuse and Oppression: Debates and Challenges. Routledge. Taylor and Francis Group. London and New York.
No Moore (NM). (2018). About the Cause. Retrieved on 27th September 2018. Retrieved from https://www.nomore.org.au/about-cause
Territory Families (TF). (2018). Domestic, Family and sexual violence reduction strategy. Retrieved on 27th September 2018. Retrieved from https://territoryfamilies.nt.gov.au/domestic-violence/domestic-and-family-violence-reduction-strategy
5. In my opinion, the grass root level campaign to stop family violence in the Northern Territory can be highlighted. It was named the “No More” campaign and famous social activist Charlie King was the exponential personality behind the campaign. As Meyer (2016), observed, this campaign received acute public support and the contemporary Prime minister and opposition leader stood hand in hand as an emblem of stopping domestic violence. In Northern Territory, a 38% increase in the cases of domestic violence have been recorded and 48% more cases of severe violence have been recorded by the territory police in the last 5 years (Territory Families, 2018). The local sporting clubs which have a high influence in the interiors were made the centre of activities. The responsible heads of the sporting clubs were given the responsibility to execute segments of the action plan for stopping domestic violence.
As per the ideals set by Territory Families (2018), action, rather than symbolism is actually important for stopping the violence. This campaign just did the same. Identifying households where violence was common, the culprits were brought out in the open. This had an immediate impact and the Commissioner of Police in the NT, Kershaw, reports that domestic violence reports have been significantly less by a quarter proportion after the execution of the campaign for over a year in the locality (Cavanaugh, 2012). Free psychological analysis session for the families which faced the issue of domestic violence was also provided in the course of the campaigns. The sessions were mostly taken in-house so that the therapists could interpret the causes of the criminal behaviour of the offenders and suggest further therapeutic procedures to the families. As an outcome of the campaign, the awareness regarding the therapeutic interventions and the way they can help a family from getting rid of domestic and family violence.
Reference:
Cavanaugh, M (2012) Theories of violence: Social science perspectives in the Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment, Theory of violence from Multiple social science perspectives, 22, (5).
Meyer, S. (2016). Still blaming the victim of intimate partner violence? Women’s narratives of victim desistance and redemption when seeking support. Theoretical Criminology, 20(1), 75-90.
Territory Families (TF). (2018). Domestic, Family and sexual violence reduction strategy. Retrieved on 27th September 2018. Retrieved from https://territoryfamilies.nt.gov.au/domestic-violence/domestic-and-family-violence-reduction-strategy
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