In this case, the red line shows the quantity of imports and export. In the case of the US imposing a tariff on the import of steel, it may lead to an increase in the price of the good in the domestic market and a decrease in the price of the rest of the world (Slopek, 2018).
In case the price rises to PIM in the importing country and the price in the exporting country falls to PEX, the tariff rate will be equal to the distance represented by the yellow line if it is a specific tax, in case it is an ad valorem tax, the tariff rate effect will be represented by the distance as shown by the green line (Montgomery, 2015).
In the case of welfare effects of the tax, for the US, the consumer surplus will be represented by – (A+B+C+D)
The producer surplus will be represented by A
Government revenues will result from C+G
National welfare will result from G – (B+D)
The consumers in the US will experience high prices and therefore suffer from a reduction in wellbeing as a result of the tariff. The domestic prices of the imported goods and domestic substitutes will increase leading to a reduction in the consumer surplus in the market (Huang and Yu, 2016). The producers in the US will experience an increase in their welfare, this is because the increase in the prices of the steel will also spill over to the domestic market. Further, the tariff will stimulate the domestic market thereby increasing the output of the domestic market and possibly the national GDP.
More firms may look to enter the market or expand their production increasing employment opportunities ( McManus an Schaur, 2016). The government will receive tariff revenues from the tariff which the country may use to increase its foreign reserves. Overall, a tariff implemented by the US on the import of steel could possibly lead to an improvement in the national welfare. One influencing factor is the size of the country i.e. since the US is a large country, it will have a positive effect on welfare. Additionally, if the tariff is not set too high, the national welfare will not suffer(Fieler and Harrison, 2018)
In the case of Canada, the consumer surplus will be represented by e
Producer surplus will be represented on – (e+f+g+h)
There will be no government revenues
National welfare will be – f+g+h
The consumers will experience a consumer surplus because of a decrease in the domestic prices as a result of the glut in the domestic market as a result of less exports to the US. On the other hand, the producers in Canada experience a reduction in the producer surplus due to the decrease in price in the domestic market. Additionally, they will face a decrease in the output which means less employment opportunities in Canada (Felbermayr and Larch, 2015).
The next effect is a reduction of welfare in Canada
Overall in the world, there will be a negative effect on the world welfare. This means that the import tariff has more consequential effects on the general world welfare compared to the two trading countries as it results in lower world production and consumption efficiency (Caliendo and Parro, 2015).
Question 2.
The statement claims that the tariffs might have little or no effect on the steel imports or may lead to an increase in the exports of the products to the US. Price tariffs are taxes which are imposed on a good when they are imported into another country. They make the good more expensive that it should be in order to cater for the tariff charge. Since the imported goods become expensive, people will often result to the use of locally available substitutes since they will be found to be cheaper. Tariffs often affect international trade between countries.
In the case of Canada, the steel imports seem to have been affected by the steel tariffs since there was a decline in the steel imports to the US between 2002 and 2003 as seen on the graph.
In the case of Israel, the effect of the steel tariffs is evident since there is a plateau in the steel imports from Israel between 2002 and 2003 before the steel imports increased later on after the tariffs were lifted.
In the case of Mexico, the effect of the steel tariffs is evident since also there is a plateau in the steel imports from Mexico between 2002 and 2003 before the steel imports increased later on after the tariffs were lifted.The article argues that the Trump administration may not achieve its goal of limiting its aggregate imports of steel with its tariffs because similar measures on restricting steel imports in the past were not successful.
Since there is evidence of decline or plateau in the steel imports between 2002 and 2003, the Trump administration may be successful in its goal of limiting aggregate imports of steel with tariffs since previous measures by George Bush were effective to some level. On a world level, there was a decrease in the steel imports to the US between 2002 and 2003. This could be attributed to the tariffs imposed by George Bush.
There is also an evidence of the performance improving significantly after the tariffs were lifted. In as much as Canada and Mexico were part of the North American trade agreement, the trade tariffs also influenced trade from thee countries which were meant to be protected from the tariffs. This could be because of the perception that imports of steel commodities will be expensive whether or not they may not have a direct tariff charge attached to them (Erceg and Raff, 2017).
Additionally, the second part of the statement is less likely to be true since there was a decline in the imports from the data, there could not possibly have been a surge in the exports to America at the time. It is important that the government authorities in charge of international trade become aware of the influence of tariffs on the imports of the country and put historical performances in consideration when making policy decisions which may influence the local industries as well as the trade relationship between the US and other countries, especially countries with which the US has trade agreements since it could violate terms of the agreement inadvertently.
References
Caliendo, L. and Parro, F., 2015. Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA. The Review of Economic Studies, 82(1), pp.1-44.
Erceg, C., Prestipino, A. and Raffo, A., 2017. The macroeconomic effects of trade policy. Federal Reserve Board (March)(unpublished manuscript).
Felbermayr, G., Jung, B. and Larch, M., 2015. The welfare consequences of import tariffs: A quantitative perspective. Journal of International Economics, 97(2), pp.295-309.
Fieler, A.C. and Harrison, A., 2018. Escaping Import Competition and Downstream Tariffs (No. w24527). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Huang, Y., Jennings, R. and Yu, Y., 2016. Product market competition and managerial disclosure of earnings forecasts: Evidence from import tariff rate reductions. The Accounting Review, 92(3), pp.185-207.
McManus, T.C. and Schaur, G., 2016. The effects of import competition on worker health. Journal of International Economics, 102, pp.160-172.
Montgomery, W.D., 2015. Oil prices, energy security, and import policy. Routledge.
Slopek, U.D., 2018. Export Pricing and the Macroeconomic Effects of US Import Tariffs. National Institute Economic Review, 244(1), pp.R39-R45.
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