Based on the cross-sectional survey technique, the study will utilize the entire sample population in the study. The unit of measurement and analysis will be based on the two types of employees: the executives at the helm of the organization and the non-managerial staff and board members. The focus will beon the nonprofit executives’ characterat a personal level as well as on the staff for the traits attributed to the organization.
The participants will be employees chosen from four separate groups described below:
Instrumentation
An online survey will be employed in this study. The researchinstrument will be developed using already established scales: Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ), Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Scale (ESE), Intrapreneurial Intention Survey (IIS), Board Effectiveness Quick Check (BEQC), six questions regarding collective efficacy and two questions regarding collective intention normed in a study conducted by Tan and Yoo (2015).
The survey tool has the mandate to help in the assessment of the perceptions of the employees based on the three areas of intention towards intrapreneurial behavior using the theory of planned behavior and self-efficacy. It will also look at the three areas for organizational intention which are: active board of directors, management/community support or collective efficacy of the nonprofit organization. The responses in this method would be based on five-point likert scale that ranges from strongly disagree to strongly agree arranged in a pattern mode to cater to all the possibilities in the case.The dimensions used by the tool are as described below:
Attitude
The NPO executive’s perception of the value of intrapreneurial activity. This section has five questions.Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). Cronbach alpha is 0.897.
Subjective Norm
The NPO executive’s perception of the social desirability of intrapreneurial activity. This section has three questions. Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). Cronbach alpha is 0.773.
Perceived Behavior Control
The NPO executive’s perception of the control over intrapreneurial activity. This section has six questions.Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). Cronbach alpha is 0.885.
Self-Efficacy
The NPO executive’s level of confidence that they can successfully be intrapreneurial. This section has ten questions.Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Scale (ESE). Cronbach alpha is 0.978.
Intrapreneurial Intention
The NPO executive’s intention to engage in intrapreneurial activity. This section has three questions.Intrapreneurial Intentions Survey (IIS). Cronbach alpha is 0.865.
Organizational Support and Presence/Absence of Board Practices
This section investigates the staff’s perception of support from the community and the organization’s management team for the innovative ideas, provision of the available and significant resources that is needed for entrepreneurial endeavors.
The evidence of board practices shows that the board is active. These sections have a combined fifteen questions.Board Effectiveness Quick Check. Both Cronbach alphas were 0.90.
Collective Efficacy
This part covers the creation and the utilization of the systems that are toward supporting the entrepreneurial activities, show the critical accomplishments, and then encourage the plight to help in challenging the aspects of work. This section has six questions. Six question scale developed from Tan & Yoo, 2015. Cronbach alpha is 0.88.
Collective Entrepreneurial Intention
The NPO’s intention to engage in entrepreneurial activity. This section has three questionsdeveloped from Tan & Yoo, 2015. Cronbach alpha is 0.85.
Table 3.1 Variables, Definitions and Test Instruments
Statistics
This study will employ path analysis as the analytical tool of choice. This method was chosen for its ability to test the relationship between the variables.
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 182.
Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 52 No. 1, pp. 27-58.
Alvord, S. H., Brown, L. D., & Letts, C. W. (2004). Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation in an exploratory study. The journal of applied behavioral science, 40(3), 260-282.
Anhier, H. K. (2005). Nonpro?t Organizations. Theory, Management, Philosophy. Routledge, 30-50.
Antoncic, B. and Hisrich, R.D. (2003). Clarifying the Intrapreneurship Concept. Journal of Small Business Enterprise Development, 10(1), 7-24.
Bauer, K. (2011), “Training women for success: an evaluation of entrepreneurship training programs in Vermont, USA,” Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, Vol. 14, pp. 1-24.
Besel, K., Williams, C. L., & Klak, J. (2011). Nonprofit sustainability during times of uncertainty. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 22(1), 53-65. doi:10.1002/nml.20040.
Bohn, J. (2002). The Relationship of Perceived Leadership Behaviors to Organizational Efficacy. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(3), 65-79.
Braver, M. C. W., & Braver, S. L. (1988). Statistical treatment of the Solomon four-group design: A meta-analytic approach. Psychological bulletin, 104(1), 150-154.
Burgelman, R. A. (1983). Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management: Insights from a process study. Management Science, 29(2), 1349-1364.
Campbell, D., & Stanley, J. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Chadwick, K., Barnett, T., & Dwyer, S. (2008). An empirical analysis of the entrepreneurial orientation scale. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 13(4), 64-85. Retrieved from https://proquest.umi.com.library.capella.edu/pqdweb?did= 1609415271&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientId=62763&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd Edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Covin, J. G. (1991). Entrepreneurial versus conservative firms: A comparison of strategies and performance. Journal of Management Studies, 28(5), 439-462.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1988). The influence of organizational structure on the utility of an entrepreneurial top management style. Journal of Management Studies,25, 217-234.
Cox, L.W., Mueller, S.L., & Moss, S.E. (2002). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(2), 229-245.
Davidsson, P. (2006). Method Challenges and Opportunities in the Psychological Study of Entrepreneurship. In J.R. Baum, M. Frese, & R.A. Baron (Eds.), The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dess, G.G.,and Lumpkin, G.T. (2005). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. The Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 19 No. 1. Pp. 147-156.
Douglas, E.J. & Fitzsimmons, J.R. (2012). Intrapreneurial intentions versus entrepreneurial
intentions: distinct constructs with different antecedents. Small Business Economics, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 115-132.
Drucker, P. F. (1990). Lessons for successful nonprofit governance. Nonprofit management and leadership, 1(1), 7-14.
Eisenberg, P. (2005). The nonprofit sector and the will to change. The New England Journal of Public Policy, 20(1), 167-176.
Emeritus, Branislav Djordjevic.(2013). Strategic Entrepreneurship.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 4, no. 15. Retrieved online December 17, 2015,from<https://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/2365.
Ewan, G. (2015). Delivering Entrepreneursip training and support.Local Economy. Vol. 30, no. 5
Fairlie, R., Karlan, D., and Zinman, D. (2015) Behind the GATE Experiment: Evidence on Effects of and Rationales for Subsidized Entrepreneurship Training. Dartmouth College Working Paper, available at:https://www.dartmouth.edu/~jzinman/Papers/GATE_2013sept.pdf.
Farruggia, G. (2007). How is the nonprofit sector changing? Futures Research Quarterly, 2, 5-16.
Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of Industrial Training, 30, 701–720. doi:10.1108/03090590610715022
Gartner, W. B. (1988). Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 13(4), 47-68.
Grice, J. W., & Iwasaki, M. (2007). A truly multivariate approach to MANOVA. Applied Multivariate Research, 12(3), 199-226.
Hall, P. D. (1987). A historical overview of the private nonprofit sector. In W. W. Powell (Ed.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook. (pp. 3-26), New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Herrington, M., Kew, J., Kew, P., & Monitor, G. E. (2010). Tracking entrepreneurship in South Africa: A GEM perspective (pp. 1-174). South Africa: Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town.
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). Middle managers’ perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 253—273.
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., Holt, D. T., & Wales, W. J. (2013). Assessing a measurement of organizational preparedness for corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(5), 937—995.
Huck, S., & Sandier, H. M. (1973). A note on the Solomon 4-group design: Appropriate statistical analyses. Journal of Experimental Education, 42, 54-55.
Ireland, R.D., Covin, J.G. & Kuratko, D.F. (2009). Conceptualizing corporate entrepreneurship strategy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 19-46.
Kautonen, T., Luoto, S., & Tornikoski, E. T. (2010). Influence of work history on entrepreneurial intentions in ‘prime age’ and ‘third age’: A preliminary study. International Small Business Journal, 28, 583–601. doi:10.1177/0266242610368592
Khandwalla, P. N. (1977). The design of organizations. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Knight, G. A. (1997). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 213-225.
Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Pearson Education.
Krueger, Jr., N. F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 24(3) 9-27.
Krueger , N. (2009). Entrepreneurial Intentions are Dead:Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions. In Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind (pp. 51-72). New York : Springr.
Kuratko, D.F., Hornsby, J. S. &. Covin, J.G. (2014) Diagnosing a firm’s internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship, In Business Horizons, Volume 57, Issue 1, pp 37-47, ISSN 0007-6813, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2013.08.009.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681313001353)
Keirouz, K. S., Grimm Jr, R. T., & Steinberg, R. (1999). The Philanthropic Giving Index: A New Indicator of the Climate for Raising Funds. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(4), 491-499.
Lashmar, P. (2013). What is Entrepreneurism? Online Journalism: The Essential Guide. Retrieved Online December 17, 2015, from https://onlinejournalismguide.com/what-is-entrepreneurism/
Linan, F., & Chen, Y.W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 593-617.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. The Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135. Retrieved from https://proquest.umi.com.library.capella.edu.
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship Research: How Intentions Create a Social Venture get Formed. Journal of World Business, 121-136.
McEwan, G. (2015). Delivering entrepreneurship training and support. Local Economy, 0269094215589317.
McCrum-Gardner, E. (2010). Sample size and power calculations made simple. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 10-14.
Mensah, S. A., & Benedict, E. (2010). Entrepreneurship training and poverty alleviation: Empowering the poor in the Eastern Free State of South Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 1(2), 138-163.
Meyers, L., Gamst, G. & Guarino, A.J. (2013). Applied multivariate research design and interpretation (2nd Ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 24, 921-933.
Miller, D., & Friesen, P. (1982). Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum. Strategic Management Journal, 3, 1-25.
Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442–454.
Morris, M.H., and Kuratko, D.E. (2002). Corporate Entrepreneurship. Mason, OH: Thomson South-western.
Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., & Franklin, R. J. (2011). Understanding the Manifestation of Entrepreneurial Orientation in the Nonprofit Context. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 35(5), 947-971. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00453.x.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599-620.
Oosterbeek, H., van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship
education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54, 442–454. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002
Parnell, J. A., & Lester, D. L. (2007). Reevaluating the entrepreneurship management conundrum: Challenges and solutions. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 12(4), 74-88.
Paton, R.A. and McCalman, J. (2000), Change Management: A Guide to Effective Implementation, Sage, London.
Pavarini, M. (2018). Conclusions: Contractual Reason and Disciplinary Necessity at the Basis of Punishment by Deprivation of Liberty. In The Prison and the Factory (40th Anniversary Edition) (pp. 247-255). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Radhakrishna, R. B., & Doamekpor, P. (2008). Strategies for generalizing findings in survey research. Journal of Extension [On-line] 46(2), Article 2TOT1. Available at: https://www.joe.org/joe/2008april/tt1.php
Razavi, S. H. & Aziz, K.A. (2017) The dynamics between entrepreneurialorientation, transformational leadership, and intrapreneurial intention in Iranian R&D sector.
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. Vol. 23 Issue: 5, pp.769-792,
Renz, David O. Herman, Robert D.. (Eds.) (2010) The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management /San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Chapter One: Hall, P. D. Historical Perspectives on Nonprofit Organizations in the United States.
Rumelt, R. P. (2005). Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship. In Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 11-32). Springer US.
Sherman, P. S. (2005). A PROPOSED LOOK AT THE ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN EXPERIENTIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES. Paper presented at the, 11(1) 39-43. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/192402315?accountid=458.
Sontag-Padilla, L., Staplefoote, L., and Morganti, K. (2012). Financial Sustainability for Nonprofit Organizations. RAND Corporation. Pittsburg, PA.
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration, and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 566–591. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002
Stewart, A. & Diebold, J. (2017). Turnover at the Top: Investigating Performance-Turnover Sensitivity Among Nonprofit Organizations. Public Performance & Management Review. Retrieved on November 25, 2017, from https://news.ncsu.edu/2017/08/nonprofit-executive-turnover-2017/.
Tian, W. L., & So-Jin, Y. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship Intentions of Nonpro?t Organizations. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 103-125.
Torbert, W. R., Glueck, E., & Elmering, H. (1972). Learning from experience: Toward consciousness (pp. 5-23). New York: Columbia University Press.
Tuckman, H. P. (1998). Competition, commercialization, and the evolution of nonprofit organizational structures. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management: The Journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, 17(2), 175-194.
Urban Institute (1983). Serving community needs The nonprofit sector in an era of governmental retrenchment. Nonprofit Sector Project Progress Report no. 3.
Van Auken, H., Fry, F., & Stephens, P. (2006). The influence of role models on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11, 157– 167. doi:10.1142/S1084946706000349
van der Sluis, J., van Praag, M., & Vijverberg, W. (2008). Education and Entrepreneurship Selection and Performance: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal Of Economic Surveys, 22(5), 795-841.
Wang, C. K., & Wong, P. K. (2004). Entrepreneurial interest of students in Singapore. Technovation, 24, 163–172. doi:10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00016-0
Weerawardena, J., McDonald, R.E., & Mort, G.S.(2010) Sustainability of nonprofit organizations: An empirical investigation, Journal of World Business, Volume 45, Issue 4, pgs 346-356, Retrieved from: (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090951609000455)
Westland, J.C. (2010). Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9(6), 476-487.
Wheatley, M. J. (1999). Leadership and the new science (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehloer
Wiklund, J., & Shepard, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 71- 91.
Wortman, M. S., Jr. (1987). Entrepreneurship: An integrating typology and evaluation of the empirical research in the field. Journal of Management, 13, 259-279.
Wu, J. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial intent,and new venture creation: a test of a framework in a Chinese context. Ph.D., Virginia Tech.
Ajzen, I., 1985. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Action control (pp. 11-39). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Lukes, M., & Stephan, U. (2012). Nonprofit leaders and for-profit entrepreneurs: Similar people with different motivation. Ceskoslovenska psychologie, 56(1), 41-55.
De Hoogh, A.H.B., Den Hartog, D.N., Koopman, P.L., Thierry, H., van den Berg, P.T., van
der Weide, J.G., Wilderom, C. (2005): Leader motives, charismatic leadership, and
subordinates’ work attitude in the profit and voluntary sector. Leadership Quarterly, 16,17-38.
Merchant, A., Ford, J. B., & Sargeant, A. (2010). Charitable organizations’ storytelling influence on donors’ emotions and intentions. Journal of Business Research, 63(7), 754-762.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Montano, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. Health behavior: Theory, research and practice, 95-124.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download
