One of the leading causes of death in UK is smoking and cancer associated with smoking. The following report provides detailed structure that will be undertaken in order to generate a health promotion campaign designed to promote smoking cessation. The report starts will selection of the target group followed by the critical analysis of the governmental policies against smoking along with proposal for the best suited campaign to deal with smoking among target population.
According to British Association of Psychology (2014), personality is defined an individual differences in the pattern of thinking and behaviour. The habit of smoking is not limited to the personality types and is prevalent in type A, type B and type D. According to the UK’s Office of National Statistics (2016), 7.6 million of adult people in UK currently smoke (15.5%). Moreover, both introvert and extrovert people are found to be active smokers. However, the tendency of smoking is comparatively more pronounced among the type D individuals who are defined as distressed or disease-prone group of people (Saleem, Saleem and Waheed2016). The persons belonging to this group tend to be irritable, worried and always express great deal of negative emotions. Moreover, type D people are linked to coronary heart disease thereby giving further evidence towards the tendency of smoking because according to the American Heart Association (2014), smoking increases the chance of coronary heart disease. Type D personality people suffers from the stress related illness and there lies a direct incidence of smoking with illness (McDermott et al.2013; Compare et al. 2013).
According to the Centre of Disease Control, cigarette smoking negatively impacts every organ of the body. Smoking increases the risk of development coronary heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer(Cooper and Marshall 2013). Smoking also increases the chance of developing asthmatic problem, both in active and passive smokers (Polosa and Thomson 2013). Apart from lunch cancer, smoking also increases the chance of the developing bladder cancer, blood cancer, cervical cancer, kidney and oesophagus cancer, liver/ pancreas/ stomach and pancreas cancer (Shiels et al. 2014). Smoking thus diminishes overall health status and wellbeing of the community, it also interferes the normal development of a child via causing preterm birth, still birth, ectopic pregnancy and low birth weight(Yang, Decker and Kramer 2013).
The main target group of this health promotion campaign are people between the age group of 25 to 34 years. The reason behind this, this group of population is most likely to smoke (21%) and generally smoke in order to cope up with stress arising out of unemployment. Moreover, the tendency of smoking is also prevalent among the single adults who are routine or manual workers and have no formal qualifications. So overall lack of proper financial backup or lack of employment is generating stress and increases the urge of smoke. The selection is based on the UK statistics of smoking as published on 2016. The main factors which are influencing smoking are social demography, social-economic status and social environment.
The main reason behind smoking is coping with stress. In biological or medical context, stress is regarded as mental, physical or emotional factor that causes mental tension. Stress can be both external and internal (Folkman2013). In case of stress associated with smoking, external factors are mainly significant like environment, psychological or social situations. Stress has a significant negative impact over the mental condition (Cooper and Marshall 2013). It generates racing thoughts, constant worried mental condition along with difficulty in concentrating and making decision. In order to side-pass this complex medical situation, people take help of smoking or other addiction like consumption of alcohol(Azagba and Sharaf2012). Cigarettes contain psychoactive or mood altering drug, nicotine. When a person smokes, within 8 seconds nicotine reaches brain and lead to the release of chemical messenger called dopamine. Dopamine causes a feeling of relaxation or pleasure however, during this perceived feeling of relaxation, the body passes through a stage of increased stress and this is manifested by high heart rate, high blood pressure and less oxygen availability in brain(Conrad et al., 2013). Thus, smoking is not a remedy for stress and it in turn increases stress resultingin severe depression and anxiety or other medical complications like irritable bowel syndrome and diabetes and obesity (Folkman2013).
Smokers find it hard to give up cigarette smoking as cravings for nicotine feel stressful because the body begins to go through the withdrawal symptoms. The smokers to want to give up smoking quit intake of tobacco altogether and this increases the rate of the withdrawal symptoms and nicotine withdrawal makes it even more difficult to quit(Dawkins et al. 2013). The withdrawal symptoms begin with 30 minutes of the last vaping of tobacco and some of the significant symptoms include: intense cravings for nicotine, sweating, tingling of hands and feet, nausea, headaches and intestinal cramping, coughing, sore throat, difficulty in concentrating, insomnia, anxiety, depression and irritability. The withdrawal symptoms and this chronicity increases with tow o three days of nicotine vaping cessation(Dawkins et al. 2013).
Some take help of E-cigarette in order to cope up with nicotine addiction. According to the Action of Smoking and Health, Government of UK (2017), 2.9 million of adults in Great Britain vape E-cigarette and this figure has shown a steep increases of 700,000 from the data as reported in the year 2012. E-cigarettes are battery powered smoking devices, designed to look and feel like normal cigarette (Goniewicz, Lingas and Hajek2013). This battery powered devices has cartridge filled with liquid nicotine along with other flavours and chemicals. In E-cigarette, people inhales liquid in the form of vapour. It is claimed that E-cigarette do not burn tobacco and the people vaping cigarette do not inhale the same amount of carbon mono-oxide or tar as they do in case of regular cigarette. However, e-cigarette has its share of side-effects too. The nicotine present in E-cigarette causes stiffening of arteries along with the increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Moreover, such vaping for nicotine further increases the cravings towards smoke. The propylene glycol present in E-cigarette may lead to the development of persistent sore throat along with muscle pain in severe cases the allergic reaction trigger causing night sweat, body rash, diarrhoea (Hureaux, Drouet and Urban 2014).
The principal way to fight against tobacco smoking is coping up with stress. The best mechanism to cope up with stress is to work on the factors that trigger stress. As in this case, the main factors which trigger smoking among the selected group of population is lack of proper employment and financial crisis. After identification of the driving cause behind stress, coping mechanism needs to be undertaken like identification of the best time of day. For instance, if a person is smoking due to facing difficulty in concentration, then he or she must find suitable time in the day when his or her concentration level is maximum like wee hours in morning or late at time. While working on the favourable atmosphere, the person will gradually learn to concentrate and this will increase his or her confidence and helping them to concentrate irrespective of the time in day without taking help from cigarette. Other coping strategy include variation in activities in order to kill boredom and increase concentration, working less or taking less pressure in work, taking small or mini breaks.
Active smoking is associated with numerous unfavourable health conditions like increased risk for cardiac arrest and developing susceptibility towards cancer (with significant mention to lung cancer) (Flouris et al. 2010; Dinas, Koutedakis and Flouris, 2013). Based on the current studies, there will be an increase in the annual number of smoking related deaths globally and the number is supposed get increased to 8 million by 2030 (Carter et al. 2015;Dinas, Koutedakis and Flouris, 2013).Regular smoking of cigarette is also associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Chang 2012). Second hand smoke or passive smoking also poses serious health threats. According to Hudson (2012), exposure to second hand smoke enhances the chance of developing lung cancer along with associated risks of cardiovascular diseases (Mozaffarian et al.2016).
UK’s department of health, 5 years tobacco control plan states that the government of UK will support the actions taken for comprehensive tobacco control in UK. This support will be based on six principal strands, stringently categorised by the World Bank (Gov.uk 2017). The six strands are:
In spite of having effective policies over tobacco, the status of the optimal implementation of the policies varies across the World Health Organisation (WHO) European region. Beside there is heavy lobbying inside the tobacco industry who employs a number strategic techniques to conquer new customers and restrict actions in all levels. The consistency of this interference along with huge amount of resources made available by the tobacco companies is one of the prime reasons why international agreements and commitments for the control of tobacco are not always optimally enforced or implementation is delayed. Delay per month signifies huge financial gain for the tobacco industry and huge loss of health in societies(Mons et al. 2012).
One of the important methods used by the government of UK to stop smoking is Stopober. This program helps adults across the country to make small changes in their lifestyle (cessation of smoking) in order to have huge positive impact on health in future. Other strategies used for health promotion and smoking prevention include health-related warning (pictorial warnings) on the cigarette packages, bans on advertisements, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco companies.
Digital media is now accessible to every sector in UK. In UK, 81% of adults use internet and 72% of that population search health information in relation to smoking cessation(Lee et al. 2014). Hence, digital media like digital advertising (emails, web-pages, ads on social media, text messages and ads) can be used to encourage smoking cessation. It will help via increasing quit line call volume via direct promotion to smokers along with indirect promotion to smoker proxies. The documentation program of smoking cessation via using digital media will help in the development of knowledge base and best set of practices. In relation to population based smoking cessation interventions, innovative promotional strategies can be used like digital ads (Lee et al. 2014).
I think, the plan of usage of the digital media for smoking cessation will be successful because digital media channels are anonymous and are capable of handling a virtually unlimited volume of viewers. Moreover, it is easily accessible 24×7, able to tailor information based on user’s needs and has the potential to enhance he cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions(Lee et al. 2014). Each year media channels along with creative content will be evaluated before the launch of the campaigning activities and thereby increasing the rate of success of the program (Lee et al. 2014).
Digital media campaigns will also include kinesic and standing elements (non-verbal behaviour and facial expression or gestures) along with prosodic elements which will further help to attract the attention of the target audience.
Such digital media campaigns will cast a positive impact on the young adults who are planning to quit smoking or are using cigarette in order to fight against the stress level. The digital campaign will also involve success stories so that via listening to same, they group of population suffering from depression and get positive mental backup and must fight against smoking cessation positively.
Conclusion
Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that, one of the major health threats among the young adults is smoking in order to fight stress. According to the UK’s Office of National Statistics (2016), 7.6 million of adult people in UK currently smoke (15.5%). Proper digital campaign targeted against the selected group of population will help in prevention of the smoking trends among the young adults. Moreover, strict governmental policies will further aid in escalating the success of the smoking cessation.
References
Azagba, S. and Sharaf, M.F., 2012.The association between workplace smoking bans and self-perceived, work-related stress among smoking workers. BMC public health, 12(1), p.123.
Chang, S.A., 2012. Smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & metabolism journal, 36(6), pp.399-403.
Compare, A., Bigi, R., Orrego, P.S., Proietti, R., Grossi, E. and Steptoe, A., 2013. Type D personality is associated with the development of stress cardiomyopathy following emotional triggers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(3), pp.299-307.
Conrad, M., Wardle, M., King, A. and de Wit, H., 2013.Relationship of Self?Reported and Acute Stress to Smoking in Emerging Adult Smokers. Journal of clinical psychology, 69(7), pp.710-717.
Cooper, C.L. and Marshall, J., 2013. Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. In From Stress to Wellbeing Volume 1 (pp. 3-23). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Cooper, C.L. and Marshall, J., 2013. Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. In From Stress to Wellbeing Volume 1 (pp. 3-23). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Dawkins, L., Turner, J., Hasna, S. and Soar, K., 2012. The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addictive behaviors, 37(8), pp.970-973.
Dinas, P.C., Koutedakis, Y. and Flouris, A.D., 2013. Effects of active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking on heart rate variability. International journal of cardiology, 163(2), pp.109-115.
Flouris, A.D., Chorti, M.S., Poulianiti, K.P., Jamurtas, A.Z., Kostikas, K., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Wallace Hayes, A., Tsatsakis, A.M. and Koutedakis, Y., 2013.Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhalation toxicology, 25(2), pp.91-101.
Folkman, S., 2013.Stress: appraisal and coping.In Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1913-1915).Springer New York.
Goniewicz, M.L., Lingas, E.O. and Hajek, P., 2013. Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: an internet survey. Drug and alcohol review, 32(2), pp.133-140.
Hudson Jr, D.L., 2012. A Smokin’Body: Cancer images are lighting up a First Amendment blaze. ABAJ, 98, p.20.
Hureaux, J., Drouet, M. and Urban, T., 2014.A case report of subacute bronchial toxicity induced by an electronic cigarette. Thorax, pp.thoraxjnl-2013.
Lee, Y.O., Momin, B., Hansen, H., Duke, J., Harms, K., McCartney, A., Neri, A., Kahende, J., Zhang, L. and Stewart, S.L., 2014. Maximizing the Impact of Digital Media Campaigns to Promote Smoking Cessation: A Case Study of the California Tobacco Control Program and the California Smokers’ Helpline. Californian journal of health promotion, 12(3), p.35.
McDermott, M.S., Marteau, T.M., Hollands, G.J., Hankins, M. and Aveyard, P., 2013. Change in anxiety following successful and unsuccessful attempts at smoking cessation: cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), pp.62-67.
Mons, U., Nagelhout, G.E., Allwright, S., Guignard, R., van den Putte, B., Willemsen, M.C., Fong, G.T., Brenner, H., Pötschke-Langer, M. and Breitling, L.P., 2012. Impact of national smoke-free legislation on home smoking bans: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Europe Surveys. Tobacco Control, pp.tobaccocontrol-2011.
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E.J., Go, A.S., Arnett, D.K., Blaha, M.J., Cushman, M., Das, S.R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.P., Fullerton, H.J. and Howard, V.J., 2016. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2016 update. Circulation, 133(4), pp.e38-e360.
Ons.gov.uk. (2016). Adult smoking habits in the UK – Office for National Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2016 [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018].
Polosa, R. and Thomson, N.C., 2013.Smoking and asthma: dangerous liaisons. European respiratory journal, 41(3), pp.716-726.
Saleem, S., Saleem, T., and Waheed, Q. 2016.TYPE D PERSONALITY. Professional Medical Journal, 23(12).
Shiels, M.S., Gibson, T., Sampson, J., Albanes, D., Andreotti, G., Beane Freeman, L., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Caporaso, N., Curtis, R.E., Elena, J. and Freedman, N.D., 2014. Cigarette smoking prior to first cancer and risk of second smoking-associated cancers among survivors of bladder, kidney, head and neck, and stage I lung cancers. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32(35), pp.3989-3995.
Smoking & Cardiovascular Disease (Heart Disease).(2014). Heart.org. Retrieved 19 January 2018, from https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/QuitSmoking/QuittingResources/Smoking-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_305187_Article.jsp#.WmG1iKiWbIU
Use of e-cigarettes (vapourisers) among adults in Great Britain. (2017). 1st ed. Action on Smoking and Health, pp.1-3.
Yang, S., Decker, A. and Kramer, M.S., 2013.Exposure to parental smoking and child growth and development: a cohort study. BMC pediatrics, 13(1), p.104.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download