Question:
Discuss About The Indigenous And Indigenous Knowledge Local?
Indigenous knowledge is also referred to as local knowledge. It’s knowledge that is passed in communities in cultural form. Indigenous knowledge is the most primitive form of knowledge, and it involves social learning in the cultural context. Keepers of the culture were responsible for the translation of culture in the society. Non-indigenous knowledge also referred to as scientific knowledge or the modern knowledge. The modern knowledge is translated in schools through learning. The Australian Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders are the first Australian culture they existed approximately 65,000 years ago. (au, 2015). I plan on supporting this proposal by critically conducting research on how the indigenous and the non-indigenous knowledge in Australia have been portrayed and why the indigenous knowledge is slowly fading away from the modern society. Also, this proposal will provide a detailed explanation of the contribution of both knowledge and the impacts, both positive and negative, which is being experienced in Australia.
No indigenous knowledge is critical in the contemporary world since it explains numerous phenomena as both social and physical. No indigenous knowledge is also easy to access compared to indigenous knowledge. This being the case I believe that both indigenous knowledges should be incorporated into the modern world so as to supplement each other. No indigenous knowledge helps students make their mark in the world. With rising competitiveness, new knowledge gives them the edge against others and helps them get the best jobs and live their lives to the fullest (IAP, 2017) . Indigenous knowledge plays a profound role in societies, it helps shape and defines the foundation of their beliefs and traditional practices (agency, 2003) . Therefore, my standpoint is that both indigenous and modern knowledge are equally important and should be fully applied in the society and therefore I feel that I am fit to be positioned in this research process.
Culture gives identity to a people as well as the code of conduct that they should abide to. The loss of culture leads to loss of values as well as identity since culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts (zimmermann, 2017). Indigenous knowledge is crucial is passing on of culture from generation to generation but in recent years has become almost obsolete. This has led to the loss of culture which has resulted in social evils such as suicide among youths in Australia. There have been reports from the Aboriginal elders in the northern parts of Australia that loss of culture has led to rising indigenous youth suicide rates (ABC, 2014).Youths in Australia have set their mind to scientific knowledge which has no moral teachings and thus the rise in social evils in the country.
The study, therefore, seeks to show the need for reconciliation of the indigenous and non-indigenous knowledge so as to ensure a better understanding of social and physical phenomena as well as install morals in future generations. Non-indigenous knowledge is wide and gives a better and detailed explanation of a broad scope of issues in various fields but fails to incorporate the aspect of culture and whatever information of cultural information it has is inaccurate. Therefore there is a need for this research so as to answer the question is non-indigenous knowledge enough and does it serve a wholesome purpose in the Australian society today?
The research applies descriptive survey research design. This is design was selected because data was corrected without changing the environment and nothing was manipulated in the process. The design is perfect for the study because it will help describe in details the issues under study. Qualitative and quantitative data were also corrected using the research design.
The aboriginals and the Torres Strait before they were extinguished had a significant culture that they were identified with. They occupied a specific region of land and also had an identifying language and cultural practices among their cultures. The difference in all the above distinguishing characteristics brought about their distinguishing features. Indigenous knowledge provides information on various aspects of society, for instance, the kinship patterns of the Aboriginals as well their family functioning system and rising of children.
The aboriginals and the Torres Strait culture was environmental friendly through their bio diversification. Therefore they positively contributed to the conservation of the environment; they believed plants and animals were sacred. After their ancestors created the world, they turned into trees, stars, and rocks. They were obligated to respect and nature their environment.
Indigenous knowledge strength revolved around four aspects of the life of the Aboriginal. These four thematic areas include; collective community focus on the rearing of children where the children are taught the core values of the community which include interdependence, group cohesion, and community loyalty. The second theme is the freedom of the children to explore and experience the world in order to develop the necessary skills required so as to grow up to be responsible adults. The third theme is the importance of family of the elderly family members and their function which is major to help the children understand the practical aspects of life and society.
The fourth aspect was the importance of spirituality which helped the community and the family cope with everyday challenges as well as give identity to the families which were highly spiritual(CFCA, 2014). This information can only accurately be found from indigenous sources and not the modern sources due to the preservation of culture. The Aboriginals lost their cultural identity initially due to their loss of mother tongue. Originally there were 250 Aboriginal languages existed in Australia but now only 60 languages exist significantly. This is because in the 1970s government policies banned Aboriginal people from seeking their languages and the children were barred from communicating in their mother tongues in school or Christian missions (kroff, 2015)
The loss in language led to the loss of culture and thus loss of indigenous knowledge which would have been useful in today’s world so as to give the people their identity and to control the social evils in Australia.
Indigenous knowledge gives a detailed account of a peoples’ way of life and teaches crucial values and ethics but on the other hand, it fails to explain also serious phenomena that people face accurately and when it tries to explain these phenomena it basis them on the supernatural world and fails to give a convincing explanation. This is partly because our difficulty in approaching the knowledge from indigenous cultures is already in the way we describe and name it (Berkes, 1993). There are many definitions ranging from farmers’ knowledge, fishers’ knowledge. The aboriginal people believed that their ancestor spirits had created the earth and once they were done, they changed into trees, the stars, watering holes and other objects (au, 2015). This is a less rational explanation of creation than the scientific explanation of how the earth formed and the contents in the sky.
Indigenous knowledge can also be misleading and cause fatal results to people who abide by it. The Aboriginals believed for a long time that cancer is contagious and was spiritually related and thus anyone who had cancer was isolated and the victim was also unwilling to seek modern medical practice but preferred traditional healing. This led to a high number of deaths among the Aboriginal people (shahid, 2009) . Such beliefs are unfounded and dangerous and need to be addressed so as to avoid fatality and to do this it requires science so as to show the Aboriginal people the real cause of cancer and how it is and is not spread.
Indigenous knowledge also fails in giving effective strategies on how to cope with extreme events such as how to handle earthquakes and minimize the damage they cause. Scientific knowledge is required for this purpose since it can tell the location and magnitude and can also recommend the type of construction that can survive earthquakes. The traditional knowledge is also flawed by its inability to give knowledge on how to cope with shifts in patterns of land ownership, failed to develop new varieties of newly improved crops that are drought resistant and that are adapted to various regions and climates. The indigenous information equips the communities with the traditional modes of occupation and fails to but fails to give information on the new industrial sector that is replacing the traditional modes of production and occupation and hence the young need to acquire new skills that their ancestors did not possess (HPN, 2017).
Scientific knowledge is currently applied in every aspect of the modern world today. It has provided information that has over the years lead to innovations that have played a vital role in society. Scientific knowledge is deductive, and it involves experiments and steps to come up with empirical conclusions to support their studies. The steps involve:
Scientific knowledge has significantly contributed to the explaining of the community history, the study of fossils and evolution. Complex creatures evolve from simplistic ancestors over time in random genetic mutations, and the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid in survival, a process known as “Natural Selection” (Science, 2002-2017). The viability of indigenous knowledge cannot be entirely replaced by the scientific knowledge of science has not been relied on to answer all questions in the human society. For instance, what happens when you die? Does the world exist beyond my mind? (Hovind, 2011). This shows that even the immense scope of science has its limits and fails to answer all questions and especially in the social and spiritual aspect. Therefore, science too has its failures despite the ingenious innovations that are as a result of science that would be hard to imagine human life without. In some instances, scientific failures just mean going back to the drawing board, but in other instances, the failures mean loss of human life (Blank, 2012)
The research applied both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Interviews were conducted among a sample of 100 Aboriginal people to find out the extent of their knowledge about their culture and how often they engage in their cultural activities. Journals and government records concerning the aboriginals were also used for reference to acquire information about the dynamics of their culture and population changes. Demographic statistics were also important in determining the population of the aboriginals and their pattern of distribution in the country. Open ended questionnaires were distributed to the general public to evaluate their knowledge on both indigenous and on- indigenous knowledge. Visitation to the museum and other prehistoric sites such as National Museum of Australia also contributed to studying the aboriginal’s cultural activities and practices.
The research process ensured that all information gathered from the questionnaires was anonymous and that the questions were unbiased. The participants were also given the right not to answer any specific item in the questionnaire and to withdraw at any time they felt uncomfortable to participate. The interviewees were made aware that the interview was being recorded and their consent was required first for the interview to proceed. The interviewees were assured of the total confidentiality of the interview, and they each signed a confidentiality document. Relevant authorities were consulted in order to seek permission to access the government records during the study.
References
ABC. (2014, april 15). Aboriginal elders lament loss of culture as indigenous youth suicide rise. Retrieved from ABC NEWS: mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-15/aboriginal-elders-report-on-youth-suicide/5390836
agency, e. m. (2003, march 17). INDEGENOUS KNOWLEDGE-are we loosing our traditional practices? Retrieved from https://www.ema.co.zw/index.hph/129-indigenous-knowledge-are-we-lossing-our-traditional-practices.html
au, A. G. (2015, march 31st). Australian Indeginous Culturural Heritage. Retrieved from www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austin-indeginous-cultural-heritage
Blank, C. (2012, JULY 26). top 10 failures of modern science. Retrieved from LISTVERSE: listverse.com/2012/26/top-10-failures-of-modern-science/
CFCA, c. f. (2014, september). strengths of australian Aboriginal cultural practices in family life and child rearing. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/strengths-australian-aboriginal-cultural-practices-fam
Hovind, E. (2011, June 6). Questions sience can’t answer. Retrieved from creation today: creationtoday.org/questions-science-cant-answer/
HPN. (2017). limitation of coping strategies. Retrieved from Humanitarian practice network: goodpracticereview.org/9/indigenous-knowledge-and-coping-strategies/limitations-of-coping-strategies/
IAP. (2017, march). importance of teaching in the modern world. Retrieved from https://www.iap-uk.org/2017/03/importance-of-teaching-in-the-modern-world/
kroff, j. (2015, febuary 4). loss of aboriginal languages. Retrieved from creative spirit: www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/language/loss-of-aboriginal-languages
mazzocchi, f. (2006, may). EMBO reports. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1479546/#b2
Pratt, J. P. (2000, December 28). Strengths and weaknesses of science. Retrieved from www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/lds/meridian/2000/science.html
Science, A. a. (2002-2017). Darwin’s theory of evolution. Retrieved from www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution.html
shahid, s. (2009, july 31). understanding beliefs and perspectives of aboriginal people in western Australian about cancer and its impact on access to cancer services. Retrieved from Biomed Central: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2731745/
zimmermann, k. a. (2017, july 12). what is culture? defination of culture. Retrieved from live science: www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-defination-of-culture.html
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