The fall of Rome saw the introduction of three new civilizations. This includes the western, Islam and Byzantium civilizations. The civilizations were characterized by different interactions and rivalries of which differentiated them in regards to the aspects of their legacy. The three “heirs” defined according to their strengths, weaknesses, similarities, differences, and diversity.
The Byzantines emulated the imperial tradition that belonged to the Romans. Therefore, they considered themselves to be descendants of the Roman Empire. They spoke Greek and practiced intense Christianity. The Byzantine Empire practiced a theocratic political system, and their standard of rule was considered to be the will of God. The history of the Byzantines was primarily involved with violence and revolts due to pressures from the Persians and Arabs. The following three aspects distinguished the Byzantium Empire.
The Emperor controlled and represented the highest power of the state and the church. However, this led to the religious controversies being introduced into politics. Besides, the imperial courts also had control of power due to its capable leaders. Upheaval was withstood through a resilient bureaucracy.
The officials gave insights on matters relating to the religious, social, politics and economic aspects.
The Byzantine civilization balanced and protected the home industry that allowed imports and exports in significant trade cities.
The Islam civilization was entirely different from the other civilizations. To begin with, the people spoke Arabic, and it was considered to be more cosmopolitan of the three civilizations. The religion was mainly Islamic and was founded by Muhammad while in his spiritual reflection at the Arabian desert. Muhammed lived in the community of Mecca, but the people had nothing to do with him. Therefore, he had to migrate to Medina where his following grew. Then Muhammed returned to Mecca where the city grew and became the holiest Islamic cities. After he died, the religion split due to political reasons. This because politics and religion were closely interwoven as of the Byzantine Empire. Besides, Islam helped to transmit the heritage of learning same as the Byzantine. The religion was competitive and had a considerable influence on the Byzantine Empire. Violence was also present between them and the Western Empire mainly because of religion. That is between Muslims and Christians. The scholars preserved the translated texts and commentary was made on the texts.
This civilization was notably different from the Islam and Byzantium Empire. This is because the Islam and Byzantium began building civilizations to amass extraordinary material wealth while the western culture was rebuilding after Rome’s fall. The westerners were committed Christians but consisted of an authoritarian political system. The empire was ruled by monarchs who had interest in matters of politics, religion and the military. They considered themselves a descendant of the Roman empire and considered themselves a unified Christian society. A monarch by the name Charlemagne was considered a key pillar in the birth of Europe. This is because he conquered new lands and managed to institute a Carolingian Renaissance whereby classical learning was conducted in both the cathedral schools and palace.
The western empire that is western Europe, considered trade and seeking of new opportunities to be of great value. In matters of religion, the Western and Byzantine Empire has a common ground of Christianity. However, a divide was present between them. The Westerners considered Roman Catholicism as the right way of worship while the Byzantine considered Orthodox Christianity as the right way of worship. For example, the Byzantine Emperor known as Alexios the first received military support from the westerners against the Muslim Seljuqs due to their shared religion.
The medieval crusades refer to the holy wars between the Muslims in the missile east and the Christians in Europe. The primary goal of the crusades was to recapture the sacred city of Jerusalem from the Muslims. Due to this reason, the Europeans that is the western Empire and the Byzantium Empire were willing to travel in a foreign land and fight a war.
Causes of the medieval crusades
Characteristics
The Medieval crusade resulted in different effects.
Saint Benedict of Norcia was born before the Western Roman Empire had fallen. It was around 480 AD. In his childhood, he experienced a religious awakening. He felt that the Gospel was unattainable in the culture that he was in at that time. He was therefore compelled to abandon his family, wealth and status to become a hermit. However, after retreating from the world, a community was formed around him, and he began imparting a way of life to them whereby commitment to Christ was expressed in vows of chastity and poverty.
Saint Benedict was an essential figure in the shaping of the Roman culture. He pivoted the provision of social services, technology, learning which became the sustainers of civilization. Benedict’s source of insight was the church, and therefore he held the view that the church was a source of cultural transformation whose way of life was dependent on Christ. In addition, he considered the church not to support the sanctioning of culture but instead to cleanse and sanctify it. Since Saint Benedict interpreted his times, he, therefore, came up with a new movement which laid the foundation for the new type of civilization.
In his time, he commissioned thirteen monasteries and appointed monks to teach those who needed education. His fame spread like wildfire. He also performed many miracles. For example, he found a water spring on a mountain for his monks to drink. It is also recorded that he retrieved a hooked iron from a lake. He intervened for hos monks hence preventing them from walking a desolate life.
Benedict was also attacked by another priest known as Florentius because of his popularity thereby forcing him to leave his disciples. In between the time he was away, he commissioned the Abbey of Montecasino. Later, it became one of the most famous Abbey in Europe. While in at Montecasino, he undertook various prodigious activities. He established the monastic order and supervised the building construction. Saint Benedict then devoted himself to evangelism to areas where paganism was present. Before his death, he testified that he foresaw his death and before he died, the grave belonging to her sister was opened for him to be buried there too.
The Spaniards conquered the Incan empire and had them under their control due to the following reasons.
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Knighton, Andrew, 7 Reasons The Conquistadors Beat The Incas (2018) WAR HISTORY ONLINE https://www.warhistoryonline.com/medieval/7-reasons-conquistadors-beat-incas.html
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