The Present Structure is a two story Building with steel factory building attached with. The truss is at 9.50 Meter Height (eaves level with approx.. 8 deg. Slope. The top of truss is 4700 mm high. There are two Electrical Overhead cranes of 5.00 MT each operating, hung on crane girders under the truss. The factory building is presently in good condition with very little signs of Rusting in some of the steel sections. The concrete columns looks perfect with no signs of cracking of concrete at all.
There are some non – structural cracks in some walls
This 2-storey RCC Structure, being analysed in this particular project, is the industrial Building situated at Manesar industrial area, Binola, Gurugram, which is located in the seismic zone IV. The Building was built in year 1995 . As this factory is associated with big brand automobile manufacturer and supplies very vital components for reputed automobile manufacturers Hence there was a need to evaluate whether the building can withstand extreme conditions of loading due to design wind and earthquake forces as on date .
Obviously the building is not designed as per design provisions given in IS 1893:2002. Hence, it may not withstand to any earthquake of the specified intensity as per IS: 1893-2002.. After the stability analysis of the building with all Primary loads and load combinations as per IS: 875 , suitable strengthening of the building members which fail due to extreme load combinations shall be required to be done.In a RCC framed building, there is loss of strength due to weathering effect and passage of time.
The building members may fail due to the following reasons as listed below
When the transfer of superimposed load through discontinuous load path or the load path to foundation is interrupted or when the load path is irregular
When there is weakness in the material due to weathering effects or during construction due to inferior material
When the capacity to deform of structural frame is less than the prescribed limits in Indian standard codes
Strengthening of the members where the calculated load due to extreme load combinations exceeds the design capacity of the member may be done by the following methods
By increasing the strength of the failed members
By addition of extra members to share the load oncoming to the failed members hence reducing the load to less than member safe load carrying capacity
Structural strengthening schemes can be applied to entire structure or to the members having failure in local. Global strengthening methods involve conventional methods to increase moment of resistance of entire structure or structural members having major loads or modern methods using conventional materials or using ultramodern methods
Some popular Building strengthening methods are
Jacketing is done to increase the local strength of the members (Columns). It is used to increase area of concrete under compression, shear or flexural strength of the concrete members. In Popular practices, jacketing in concrete columns is done with steel plates, increasing reinforced concrete area , or wrapping with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) or carbon fiber polymers.
Fiber reinforced polymers is a composite material which is used for strengthening of civil engineering structures. Composite materials are modern materials which are available today mainly in the form of: thin unidirectional strips with thickness in the order of 1 mm made by pultrusion flexible sheets or fabrics. FRP systems mostly comprise of GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer), CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and AFRP (Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer). The choice on whether to use a GFRP/CFRP/AFRP and Fabric/laminate system is based on the application and on the designer’s preference. The orientation of the main fibers in the FRP is also an important consideration. The applied forces are resisted by the main fibers, which run in one direction only.
Even with high ratio of price and material quantity, FRPs are the preferred choice now a days for strengthening . The main reasons are listed below
The only shortcoming of FRPs is that they are able to resist fire and high temperature hence use in structures susceptible to fire is to be avoided or there is a need of another fireproofing layer after the application of the CFRP . The polymers reinforced with fibre used for strengthening are made of carbon, glass or aramid. The selection of the type of FRP to be applied is based on the mechanical properties of the fibre such as tensile strength, stiffness of material, compressive strength , durability to creep and rupture and ability to fatigue.
Carbon fibres for use structural applications are manufactured in flexible sheeting which are saturated after application in a matrix, by typically a thermosetting polymer This Polymer is also serves as an adhesive to the concrete structural member. The matrix binds the fibres together, transfers the load through the fibres and protests them from abrasion and adverse environmental effects for long term.
The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the stability and design of existing building with respect to present codes and standards . This document evaluates performance of building in extreme load conditions due to Earthquake or Wind load.
Chapter 1 It is overview about seismic forces and effects. It elaborates about the importance of seismic analysis of the structure as per latest codes and standards Chapter 2 it contains the extract of all the literature references which are studied to acquire the additional information about the different methods of strengthening of the structure which can be applied to structures
Chapter 3 the main theory and formulas used for structure analysis are listed here. The main outline of the design of CFRP strengthening is given here. The formulas to calculate the stress in the existing reinforcing steel and extreme stress in the fibres used for strengthening can be calculated using these formulas.
Chapter 4 the results of the STAAD analysis are sorted by excel spread sheet and the members identified as failed are listed here. The design of CFRP layers to be applied to strengthen the failed beams have been calculated by software from the manufacture provided free of cost but for the material manufactured by the company
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