Discuss about the Experimental And Quasi-Experimental Design Research.
The research report is based on the psychological effects of color on mood. Color is a powerful influential factor that controls physiological reactions. The psychology of color is dependent upon the impact of mental and emotional factors that have sighted human beings in all facets of life span (Source: R., 2018).
According to Pablo Picasso, colors determine the changes in emotion (Source: “Can Color Affect Your Mood and Behavior?”, 2018). Generally, it is observed that warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth to anger. Conversely, calm colors bring tolerance, concentration and clarity in mood and mind.
Some colors have association with increase of blood pressure, increment in metabolism as well as eyestrain (Küller et al., 2006). These factors directly affect the mood and mental condition of a human being. Psychology of color has effect on moods, feelings and behaviors.
Two types of colors are chosen in this context for experimental purpose. These are “Red” and “Blue”. The level of agitated behavior scale (ABS) is the dependent variable observed against the independent variable “color” (Hamid & Newport, 1989).
Color is able to perform a multitude role of stimulating that might influence agitation level (Source: “The Effects of Color on the Moods of College Students”, 2018). The previous researchers examined the impact of agitation on mood and cognitive performance in a between-subject experiment. The researcher conducts an experiment keeping the samples first in a room of red color and then in a room of blue color. Their level of agitation is tabulated according to reaction on some facts. Blue color accounts the preserved and controlled mood whereas Red color accounts cognitive and tempered mood.
The aim and objective of the research is-
“Do the colors impact moods?”
It mainly highlights the causes behind increment or decrement of agitation level. The objective of the research is to establish the link between mood and effect of color.
The research hypotheses are:
Null hypothesis (H0): Color impacts the effect of moods in the samples.
Alternative hypothesis (HA): Color does not put any impact on the effect of moods in the samples.
The research put focus on the association between color and functions of psychology. Color does not only infuse emotion, it also decorates the preference to evoke the mood and emotion into patrons. The agitation is indicated as per the measure of psychological cortical activation (Stone & English, 1998). The research suggests how red and blue influence the achievement and illustration of psychological aspects that has important influences on behavior.
Numerous researchers have shown already that effect of color causes the change of mood. Many color specialists previously informed how colors influence or affect the behavior of moods. The major three types of ways in which colors effect the mood of the corresponding person are active, passive and neutral (Elliot & Maier, 2014). There are several causes why colors are capable to put an impact on human feelings. People react on multiple levels of agitation with colors. The colors of the room indicate a direct reflection of the mental conditions and thoughts (Source: “Room Color and How It Affects Your Mood – Freshome.com”, 2018). That is why selection of color is so crucial at the time of shading the rooms. Not only the color of the rooms, fabric, carpeting, furniture and tiles are also colored according to the color of the room for experimental purpose.
In the experiment, the first chosen color is red. Red upgrades the energy level of the room. It is the color with maximum intensity that pumps the adrenaline more than any other hue (Source: “Color Psychology: How the Colors You Choose Affect Your Mood”, 2018). Red is often defined as a warm, intense, hostile and vibrant color. This aggressive color can evoke the feelings of love and passion as well (Source: “Seeing Red and Mellow Yellow: The Science of Why Color Affects Our Mood”, 2018). However, red color commonly generates the excitement and agitation. Red color generates tempered mood in the mind. As red is a stimulating color, it increases the heart rate of the human beings. This color creates rapid respiration too. Naturally, red color associates to the masculine principle (Source: “Seeing Red and Mellow Yellow: The Science of Why Color Affects Our Mood”, 2018).
The other color is blue. Many people favor blue as it is non-threatening. Blue is also a conservative and traditional color. Blue is often seen as a sign of stability and reliability. Blue color creates the feelings of loneliness, sadness and productiveness (Elliot et al., 2007). As the color lowers the pulse rate and body temperature, therefore, mentality and mood remain controlled and stable. The person, who stays around the environment of blue color, feels very calm and positive. Blue brings the soothing of mind that is consequently serene and mentally calming (Source: R., 2018). To enhance relaxation, blue is an effective color. Its softer shades invite a calming effect evoking the feeling of relaxing (Source: “Psychological Properties of Colours – Colour Affects”, 2018). Serene and tranquilly are the best contributions of blue color for determining mood (Source: “Psychological Effects of Color in Interior Design”, 2018). Reducing excitability, blue color increases concentration. blue color also grows power of focusing, cleanliness and ability of proper decision-making (Source: “CSU Stanislaus | OIT Web Services”, 2018). Blue color typically reduces respiration and lower the rate of blood pressure (Source: Programs et al., 2018).
Cool colors such as blue, indigo, purple or green are calming whereas warm colors like red, orange and pink creates stimulation. Agitation and high temper of mind are established in a red-colored room whereas the opposite scenario was found in a room of blue color (Knez and Kers, 2000). The colors maintain luxury levels from immediate work spaces establishing basic sense of well-beings (Source: White for Shadowhunters is the color of funerals, 2018). Hence, psychologically, red and blue are absolutely opposite color. In data analysis section, the researcher is keen to investigate the mental health of the samples influenced by the color of the room.
The temperature inside the room seems more comfortable when subjects of the experiment reside in the houses of blue color (Source: “The Surprising Effect of Color on Your Mind and Mood”, 2018). The red color has a tendency to make the temperature of room warm.
Researcher is conducting a primary data analysis to investigate the appropriateness of the proven facts described in literature review. The sample of 20 people is allowed to reside inside red colored rooms. Their level of agitation is tabulated as per reaction of these people in a fixed occasion. After few days, the same samples are permitted to reside in blue colored rooms. The level of agitation of these people is again tabulated as per reaction in a fixed occasion while residing in blue colored rooms.
The data set includes two types of variables. One is “Color”. It is treated as independent variable. The other one is “Agitation_level”. It is regarded as dependent variable. No doubt, agitation level is the representor of mood. The independent variable is measured as per “Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS)”. The three qualities that the ABS has are interpretability, acceptability and feasibility. The agitation behavior scale is labelled from 0 to 10. Here, “10” renders highest degree of agitation and “0” renders the lowest degree of agitation.
The research process is actually experimental method. It is most scientific and sophisticated research process. It is also explained as “observation under controlled conditions” (Campbell & Stanley, 2015). Such type of research design proficiently verifies the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. With the help of treatment or intervention, the independent variable is manipulated. Then the impact of those interventions on the dependent variable is observed. The researcher completely controls over the extraneous variables. The experimental research can estimate with confidence that the observed effect on the predictor variable is because of the treatment of the predictor variables.
Data is analyzed with the help of MS Excel-16 software. For analyzing the data set, the researcher has used the “Data analysis” tool pack.
With the help of manipulation, control and randomization, the researcher conducted the experimental research in two different conditions on 20 randomly selected subjects. The data analysis is carried out assuming color of room as independent variable and level of agitation as dependent variable.
In this design, subjects are exposed to more than one treatment. Subjects are randomly assigned to various orders of treatment which is also regarded as “repeated measure design”. Clearly, this research is a crossover experimental design (Salazar et al., 2015).
|
Agitation level |
||||
|
Color |
Min of Agitation level |
Average of Agitation level |
StdDev of Agitation level |
|
|
Blue |
1 |
7 |
3.35 |
1.98 |
|
Red |
4 |
9 |
7.3 |
1.66 |
|
Grand Total |
1 |
9 |
5.325 |
2.69 |
The pivot table of color wise agitation level of 20 samples indicates the following facts:
The average score of agitation is found lesser when the people were residing in “Blue” colored room. The standard deviation of score of agitation is found greater when the people were residing in “Blue” colored room. Therefore, people are more agitated when residing in red colored room. Not only that, the scores of agitations are more scattered for these persons at the time of residing in blue colored room.
The chart shows that out of 20 samples, no sample had higher agitation level in blue colored room than red colored room. Only 3 samples (sample no. 2, 8 and 11) maintained the similar agitation level both in red and blue colored rooms. Rest of all the samples has lesser agitation level in blue colored room in comparison to red colored room.
Figure 5: The Box-Whisker plot of agitation level in Red and Blue colored rooms
The Box-Whisker plot indicates that:
Null hypothesis (H0): The average agitation levels are equal for the samples residing in two different colored rooms (μR = μB).
Alternative hypothesis (H0): The average agitation levels for the samples residing in red colored room is greater than the average agitation levels of blue colored rooms (μR ≥ μB).
Level of significance is pre-assigned as 0.05.
The test-statistic of two samples T-test is 7.060032.
The significant two-tailed p-value of the two samples T-test is 0.0. The p-values is less than level of significance (0.05>0.0). Therefore, the null hypothesis could be rejected at 5% level of significance. The alternative hypothesis is not rejected.
It could be concluded that average of agitation level is higher for the samples residing in red colored room rather than the same samples residing in blue colored room.
Null hypothesis (H0): The variances of agitation levels are equal for the samples residing in two different colored rooms (σ2R = σ2B).
Alternative hypothesis (H0): The variances of agitation levels for the samples residing in two different colored rooms are unequal to each other (σ2R ≠ σ2B).
Level of significance is pre-assigned as 0.05.
The test-statistic of F-test is 0.70020121.
The significant one-tailed p-value of the F-test is 0.2223. The p-values is greater than level of significance (0.05<0.2223). Therefore, the null hypothesis is not rejected at 5% level of significance.
Therefore, it is 95% evident that the variances of agitation scores in two different colored rooms are equal to each other.
Conclusion:
The research hypothesis is accepted here. Hence, it could be said as per primary data analysis, colour has significant effect on the level of agitation. The scatter ness of agitation level in terms of mood is more or less same as in red and blue coloured rooms. Therefore, colour of the room does not cause the variation of level of agitation. However, the agitation level is below 5 of most of the subjects while residing in blue coloured room. Most of the subjects have agitation level over 5 while residing in red coloured room. The causal relationship between two variables (independent variable: colour and dependent variable: mood) is established. The association is significant as well as strong. One-shot case design approves the literature reviews of the research.
The experimental research design is not always valid for measurable criteria for measuring human variable. In those circumstances, if a refined experimental research is utilised, there may occur a mismatch of research design and the tools of variable measuring. For further analysis, the selection of another independent variables revealing the factor “Mood” should be cautiously chosen.
An interior concept of the research based on colour might experience the psychological aspects of mood of the experimental subjects. Individual’s mood is dependent upon more variables alike agitation level. The further research may be based on the effect of colour on these factors.
All the regular colours are not utilised to test the full psychological impacts. It would be better for finding more elaborated conclusion when all colours would be taken into consideration.
References:
Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (2015). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Ravenio Books.
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Color Psychology: How the Colors You Choose Affect Your Mood. (2018). Science of People. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.scienceofpeople.com/color-psychology/
CSU Stanislaus | OIT Web Services. (2018). Archive.csustan.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://archive.csustan.edu/OIT/webServices/SupportResources/PsychofColor.html
Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2014). Color psychology: Effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans. Annual review of psychology, 65, 95-120.
Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Moller, A. C., Friedman, R., & Meinhardt, J. (2007). Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 136(1), 154.
Experimental research design. (2018). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/drjayeshpatidar/experimental-research-design-20769996
Hamid, P. N., & Newport, A. G. (1989). Effect of colour on physical strength and mood in children. Perceptual and Motor skills, 69(1), 179-185.
Knez, I., & Kers, C. (2000). Effects of indoor lighting, gender, and age on mood and cognitive performance. Environment and Behavior, 32(6), 817-831.
Küller, R., Ballal, S., Laike, T., Mikellides, B., & Tonello, G. (2006). The impact of light and colour on psychological mood: a cross-cultural study of indoor work environments. Ergonomics, 49(14), 1496-1507.
Programs, S., States, U., Scholarships, G., therapy?, W., it?, W., & Orgs, A. et al. (2018). Color Psychology: The Psychological Effects of Colors. Art Therapy. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.arttherapyblog.com/online/color-psychology-psychologica-effects-of-colors/#.WrSuJqhubIU
Psychological Effects Of Color In Interior Design. (2018). Color-Meanings.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.color-meanings.com/psychological-effects-color-interior-design/
Psychological Properties Of Colours – Colour Affects. (2018). Colour-affects.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.colour-affects.co.uk/psychological-properties-of-colours
R., S. (2018). How Do Colors Affect Your Mood? | Psychological Effects of Color. Brookhavenretreat.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.brookhavenretreat.com/cms/blog-22/item/3002-psychology-colors-affect-mood
Room Color and How it Affects Your Mood – Freshome.com. (2018). Freshome.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://freshome.com/room-color-and-how-it-affects-your-mood/
Salazar, L. F., Crosby, R. A., & DiClemente, R. J. (2015). Research methods in health promotion. John Wiley & Sons.
Seeing Red And Mellow Yellow: The Science Of Why Color Affects Our Mood. (2018). HuffPost. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/27/how-color-affects-our-moo_n_1114790.html
Stone, N. J., & English, A. J. (1998). Task type, posters, and workspace color on mood, satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(2), 175-185.
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Yildirim, K., Akalin-Baskaya, A., & Hidayetoglu, M. (2018). Effects of indoor color on mood and cognitive performance. ScienceDirect. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132306002289
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