In the present scenario, most of the individuals watch and also participates in the sports with this the individuals are also aspiring to move and travel to the locations where sports events are conducted. Both the sport and the tourism are perceived as the mechanism which helps in the urban regeneration. The relation between the tourism and the sports is gaining a great importance globally (Chen and Mo, 2014). According to the many authors, sports is such a mechanism which is applied to tackle the social issues and is rich in the tradition of therapeutic recreation related to the studies on leisure, recreation and the sport which is preset in the government policies (Chen and Mo, 2014).
Additionally, Henry and Gratton (2001) assert the sport tourism significantly in a great way contributes to the growth and the development of the society. A sport not only contributes towards the physical activity, active lifestyle and healthy living, but on the other hand it contributes one wider aspect towards the economic, cultural and social characters of the host nations (Coalter, 2007). Sport tourism is applied as the growth strategy that is adopted by the different cities for achieving the objectives that are related to the strategic corporate such as the urban regeneration. One of the best examples of such strategy related to the urban regeneration that is adopted by the city Sheffield which is discussed in the essay.
In the year 1986, Sheffield established the committee known as the Sheffield Economic Regeneration Committee which consists of the members from the agencies of the central government agencies, city council, institution related to higher education, local organisations, business community and the trade unions in order for achieving the city long term economic regeneration (Davies, 2010). Between the periods of the year 1986-1988, the city Sheffield’s bid to host the World Student Games in 1991 which was developed successfully (Coalter, 2007).
The games meant as the instrument that is used to re-image Sheffield from the City of Steel to the City of Sports; Sheffield generated the range of the fresh and the exciting infrastructure that is meant and is used by the local individuals after the games; it also enhances the neglected atmosphere of the Don Valley; encourages not only the tourism but the sport tourism in the capital; and in final to conduct such games in the city also improves the financial standing of the city Sheffield’s(Slack, 2014). The communal money of around $221 million was used up for the development of the facilities that are required in the performance of the game (Slack, 2014).
Socio-cultural development
The sports event impact can be observed not only in the terms of the infrastructural, tourism and the economical development but on the wider extent on the social processes and the relationships(Slack, 2014). Sports at the social level contributed to the greater extent in nurturing the community, development of the youth, employment opportunities and the personal skills. For an example, in the long term, the major events of the sports make a great contribution to the enhancement of the social glue among to national and he local community through the shared sense of the Common or the belonging purpose. For achieving the development of the community the social cohesion and the increased inclusion is the required to the greater extent in the city (Slack, 2014). For reaching such goals, the individuals require the facilities which not only promote the social contacts but also help in the recreational networks. The facilities of the sports that are built during the occasion of the major event which become versatile and is easily accessible to all, might contributes towards the social cohesion predominantly in the areas of social and economic deprivation, and providing the wider value for the local communities such as from side to side expansion of sports community hubs(Slack, 2014).
Most important events of sports also present the opportunities for the enlargement of the new and fresh skills and the professional credentials. In the course of the contribution in the organization related to the sports initiatives, the participants individually can increase the personal and the social skills, self confidence, self esteem with the enhancement of their “employability” for the future job in any of the sector, not just only in the field of the sports (Davies, 2010).
Environmental development
Sports activities interact with the environment very strongly and importantly. In a scenario like this, it becomes important for vital events of sports to be “eco-friendly” and “supportable” which means embracing a management strategy linking finance with environmental performance to create ecological impact along with more value (Davies, 2010).
The influence of major events is quite visible on the natural environment used. In reference to this, people making arrangements should carefully choose the area, for organizing new sports event, using new spots and locations and along with managing sports needs in spite of environmental restrictions, especially in a protected area (Davies, 2016). There is a lot of potential in constructing environmental-friendly buildings which would save energy and utilizes locally available material for the building which would be in harmony with its surrounding environment (Davies, 2016). The temporary roofs and carpet fittings in the stadium after the event can be reused after the event and his locations that can in terms of light and heat save energy.
Although, Sheffield’s strategy of hosting the games has been critised by few authors. Pitchers mentioned that in the next decade, the cost involved in giving sporting facility would be picked up (Lovegrove and Fairley, 2016). Roche mentioned that the lack of research is the influencing factor that leaves the game in crises, financially questionable and incompetent. Bramwell talked about Sheffield games that they had no clarity on the way the game facilities would help the city’s tourism industry. Bramwell also thought that the city was slow in adopting sufficient funding strategy, which would link game’s investment to Sheffield’s tourism and growth (Dong and Duysters, 2015). Roche criticized that the local crowd was not very nicely involved in the project (Dong and Duysters, 2015). After getting criticized from these authors, the long and short term commitment to utilize sports tourism to regenerate Sheffield bought so many benefits.
The economic value and the estimated cost were around 680 million pounds in 2006 for the development of the sports tourism in the city. In the 1990s, the city sport had gained the estimated TV coverage worth 85 million pounds along with the local economy that gained around 31 million pounds. After the performances, the lone events were organized in Sheffield (Downward and Riordan, 2007). For example, in 1993, together, the UK Special Olympics along with European Swimming Championship, made an expense worth 1.7 million pounds. In 1996, the city also held 3 Euro’96 football matches, making a significant economic influence to boot sting Sheffield’s economy by 5 million pounds (Downward and Riordan, 2007). It also created 157 full-time employments for the local people. Apart from getting media attention to the city from across the world, it also benefited hotels, pubs, guest houses and restaurant economically, Sheffield’s local economy, received additional 4.1 million pounds around June/July of 1996(Downward and Riordan, 2007). This image justifies how Sheffield efforts to utilize sports functions as economic catalyst doing urban regeneration (Downward and Riordan, 2007). Also, the FINA world Masters’ Swimming Championship generated 4.5 million pounds for the city. The Embassy World Snooker, the sports event, was held 27 times till 2003(Downward and Riordan, 2007). It attracted thousands of people every year to the city. In 2002, the city held World Snooker Championship, generating 2.26 million pounds into the city’s economy with 18000 commercial beds (Downward and Riordan, 2007).
The National Heritage Select Committee highlighted to facilitate the investment in the games appears to be victorious in the city inspire of the resulting burden of liability. Weed and Bull (1999) asserts that the cities propose to host the sporting events not only for the economic benefits, whereas such events of the sports also results in the growth of the city and also involves the reimaging and the impact on the wider economy as studied in the case of the Sheffield which placed its objectives in the creation of the new image that is based on the leisure and sports (Hämäläinen, 2013). In the year 1995, city Sheffield developed such a strategic plan which helped in the regeneration process of the city and also includes such elements of the tourism, sports and also the promotion of the city. Additionally, the development of the surroundings is an additional key component of the process urban regeneration as this helps in improving the city image (Hämäläinen, 2013). The amenities developed for the Sheffield Games, without a doubt, had the positive consequence predominantly on the activity and relaxation corridor shaped in the area of the Don Valley which is the area that suffers on the whole as of the city’s de -industrialisation.
Such kinds of mega-sporting activities and events can build up many opportunities refer the construction of latest and new sporting facilities plus the significant improvement of the overall environment of the city which hosts the events (Henry and Paramio-Salcines, 2016). This also involves building up of new infrastructure as per the sports requirements and definitely changes the complete picture of the host city, as many stadiums, racing tracks etc are constructed. It provides an upliftment to the shape of the involved city. The public means of transport of the city also gets a new life, as the sports persons travelling from all other nations are to stay there at and transport around; it also improves the life of living of the resident people as the nation’s pride is at stake in such a kind of situations (Henry and Paramio-Salcines, 2016). The beauty of the city has to be enhanced as the sports or the visitors shall later on after moving to their native city tells well or speak badly about the nation. The infrastructural and upliftment development which is not truly associated with the event that often takes place, like the commercial centers, leisure facilities, and the open spaces, that aims to improve the comprehensive and physical appearance and look of the host region or city(Kaplanidou, 2010). Thus, it has become very important and common as well for the mega-sporting events to be taken into use for consideration as a trigger refer the large-scale rural as well as urban development and improvement. So, the host city authorities might also witness mega-sporting events as an invitation and excellent opportunity to get the income through the funding by the visitors.
The city of Sheffield that has developed as successful sports tourism refers its excellent infrastructure. The city gets many kinds of positive benefits which assist the overall growth of the people of the area as well and help to improve the financial condition of the city, the financial growth will improve the way of living of the people of that city also and pride of the nation as well in all around the universe (Kaplanidou, 2010).
The sports event in the city Sheffield motivated the municipal government motivates to combined with the agencies of the private sector for attracting the most important sports events. Once held, such sports event the World Student Games played an important role in the social and the economic revitalization with the decaying of the industrial urban areas and in building the “community identity (Chen and Mo, 2014). The common motivation for the sports event in the host city were the norms and the socialisation is common among such motivators with the variations in its nature. The specific reasons for the events are tied with the uniqueness and the novelty of the events (Kaplanidou, Kerwin and Karadakis, 2013). During examining the individuals attending the particular event in the city results into the reason with the believe in the professional and the business practices which leads to the necessity of the desirable carer and eventually resulting in the community with sharing the interest of the similar paths related to the career.
Such concepts of the serious recreation, leisure, ego-involvement and specialization suggest that numerous individuals will come across with the intrinsic motivation of travelling to the sports events in the city, such as the amateur athletes and the sports lovers who want to pursue their career of volunteer experiences at the sports event (Chen, 2006). The developing preferences for event description and the travel arrangements, with the ultimately customized behavior, are to be accepted from the enthusiastic and knowledgeable event tourist. The character of the sports tourism understanding and motivation has received the substantial awareness (Kaplanidou, Kerwin and Karadakis, 2013). Active and reactive sports tourists were recognized by Gibson (1998, 2006), at the same time as Robinson and Gammon (2004) examine the primary and the secondary motives for sports-related travel. Nostalgia is also a motivator and ties by means of the concept of the commune of interests or sub-cultures (Lovegrove and Fairley, 2016).
Besides the plus points, it also results in some negative impacts on the host cities as well, some of them include the local community displacement, hooliganism, crowding, rise of crime and complete disturbance in the routine life of the residents of the city as well (Chen, 2006). The impact of the tourism by sports events refer the environment may also be in many terms negative as in this many trees are cut down to build up stadiums, racing tracks etc (Chen, 2006). The noise pollution is enhanced, Light pollution also develops the streets of the city gets overcrowded and there is a lot of noise pollution as well on these event days. The streets of the city also gets filled up with papers, balloons and other materials which make the city dirty, common man who is totally dependent on the day to day working do not gets work in these days as almost of the city people are busy celebrating the event and the poor man who is nothing to do with such a kind of events finds it hard to fulfil his basic and daily needs (Chen, 2006). It can also be said in other words, that such events etc are for the rich and the poor has nothing to do with this as he is almost all the time busy meeting his financial needs. Sexual exploitation is yet another negative hazard which is experienced during such events, people from all over the world come to the city and exploits the women sexually, crime rate also gets increased in such conditions as people are dunked and in the state of unconsciousness they tend to commit crimes, which sometimes do have massive adverse outcomes (Cha, 2016). We also witness that the events like this are more taken as pride symbols in spite of being taken in sportsmanship, in order to make the local sportsman win the events the city also gets involved in many kinds of malpractices and use in fair means of practices which are totally banned as per the sports law and may even also attract crimes (Keech, 2013).
Conclusion
Sports tourism helped in the enhancing the identity of the city with this appealing the travellers and the business towards the cities. The Sports tourism is with the potential of creating the additional optimistic economical, cultural and social benefits towards the host community if organised in a good manner (Cha, 2016). Many cities bids towards hosting the sport events in order for achieving the urban regeneration with the revenues that are also been generate from the license of the TV licences and in the other areas that is the tourist ‘spending which might have the multiplier effect towards the restricted economy on the other hand with this also promoting the city reputation (Cha, 2016). However, the cities also face issues in the tries for assessing such impacts of such events when are set aligned with the incurred costs (Byrne, 2013). Consequently, for minimising the negative effects sports tourism bring to the host cities, event’s organisers must develop sport tourism in such way that benefits or sports the host cities. The essay outlines the positive aspects of the sports tourism in city Sheffield. Sheffield in the year 1980 is experiencing the experiencing the urban decay and unemployment (Cha, 2016). In this, the Labour government consider the best way of rejuvenating the city was to consider the other strategies aside from the taxation in the development of the city (Byrne, 2013). The city strategically focussed on following the World Student Games that is hosted in the year 1991 (Cha, 2016). As per the other developed cities, sports tourism in Sheffield had such noteworthy benefits on the individuals of the local area through the creation of the new jobs, housing, etc.
As the part of regeneration process of Sheffield ’s, the considerable array of venue linked with the mega sporting proceedings developed on the root of new representation linked with the sport, leisure, and tourism. Nevertheless, there is certain criticism particularly costs incurred in hosting the sporting events in Sheffield. On the whole, the thought of the sports tourism in the city with the first National City of Sport attributed towards the success with the other cities that tries for emulating Sheffield’s success.
References
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