It is seen that in the modern age there are several accounting methods that are exploited by the companies functioning globally in order to improve their performance of the business. The companies that perform in the economy prepare their financial statements and maintain their accounts by sticking to the accounting principles put forward by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) (Alina et al., 2015). This helpful in the establishment of accounting statements that will be free of mistake and will sound good. This report concentrates mainly on two topics.
The first topic of discussion involves the true and fair view concepts (TFV) and how it can be associated with social contract. TFV is a principle of accounts that states that all the financial statements and reports that are prepared by a firm should be precise and accurate so that no false statements are hidden leading to efficient decision making and progress of the business (Bebbington et al., 2014). It is essential that awareness is spread regarding this concept within the accounting personnel. The explanation of this concept is undertaken by taking help of Assessment 1 that provides the literature with respect to TFV that has been provided by various researchers who hail various countries and thereby an impression can be created of whether this concept is advantageous and whether it represents the theory of Social Contract or not.
The next topic that is in line within the paper is the implementation and the preciseness of social contract with regards to the Theory of Legitimacy. Legitimacy in accounting aids in the improvement of the financial framework of a company and thus association and relation of social contract is necessary with the Legitimacy Theory (Bertoni & De Rosa 2013). The information that is in relation to this topic has been gathered by analysing several literatures and articles from various researchers. It is seen that after critical examination TFV and its representation with social contract and social contract and its implication in Legitimacy Theory holds key importance and thus explanation of the two topics is essential.
It is seen that among professional accountants, True and Fair View (TFV) is a well known concept as it is the vital requirement for the construction of the financial statements of a company with regards to GAAP and IFRS. TFV does not have a clear definition and hence several definitions have been established by the theorists according to the nationally accepted accounting principles, conventions of accounting and culture of the society where the firm operates.
TFV is looked upon as the most fundamental principles for the preparation of financial information and reports. This idea can be related to the four principles, which discloses the information with respect to accounting that are inclusive of going concern, consistency, prudence and matching concern. The absence of certain policies and regulations required for the preparation of standard accounting for the recording of the financial transactions becomes difficult for the constructor and thus undertaking a comparison with respect to the competitive firms and the company under consideration within a specific time period becomes difficult (Cho et al., 2015).
The absence of a precise explanation of TFV means that a every accounting professional can give out their own outlook with respect to this concept in the accounting process. It is disclosed that in the conclusive analysis about TFV, the management or the court has the authority and the power to undertake the decision that the process of accounting should rely on dependability or material. The pledge with respect to the legal and justified utilisation of the word TFV is linked with the vaster stance of ethics of the society and hence, making an effort to balance the utilization and the improper utilization of the powers for initiating the verdict that relies on the legal and common principles.
Cohen &Simnett (2014)) believe that true and fair are individual words and their individual significance can have more effect than the use within a phrase. When the words are used separately, it is seen that each one of them does not compliment or support each other. Denoncourt (2015) opines that the words true and fair can be segmented with ease.
Giordano-Spring et al., (2015) disclosed that due to the fact that TFV does not have an actual explanation, it is becomes difficult to undertake the decision that financial statements are fact based and correct. Hahn & Lülfs (2014) explains that there are various faults that have been indicated by the analysts with the help of their intelligence and it is seen that these faults are qualitative more than being a specific measurement tool. Hence, Man & Ciurea (2016) undertakes a statement that describes that TFV is regarded as lawful perception and thus, it can be explained by the court. The court aids in bringing out certain characteristics that have been explained shortly below:
Precise: In this scenario, all the data that have been disclosed is needed to be true and authentic.
Authority: This scenario states that all the monetary lending should be legal and should b done under the supervision of the management.
Complete: This is a step that describes the matter that in the system of accounting, there should not be any facts that are hidden or are missing.
The financial statements that abide by the requirements discussed above have the ability of disclosing the actual image of the financial movement of a company. There are several risks that are associated with this concept as they are internally available in the financial reports. Ahmed (2013) explains that all the reports may not posses all the qualities that have been discussed earlier and hence only a viable amount of sampling can be done.
TFV can be explained by describing each of the two words True and Fair distinctly:
Truth in Accounting
The lack of trepidation with respect to the word true in the accounting system has been found to a vital issue in the literature of accounts. The idea of truth in the process of accounting is a standardized phenomenon that has very few chances of being introduced in the system of accounting.
When it comes to the filing of the report, the process of accounting tries to limit the introduction of the effect of bias. The process of restricting bias is complex. The initial problem is to gaining knowledge about the information and the next problem explains the complex nature of describing them. These are the factors that make us discover that bias has always been available in the process of accounting. The professional accountants to undertake the process of accounting thus try and remain neutral thereby limiting the insertion of bias in the accounting procedure. Miller & Power (2013) explains that neutrality is a critical qualitative characteristics with respect to the accounting data. By considering the nature of neutrality, the biasness that is available in the financial statement is terminated. Therefore, a statement that is exclusive of bias leads to end results that are estimated and thus can bring forth a distinct behaviour mode. It is even said that neutrality leads to faithfulness and completeness in the process of accounting and thus developing the financial documents.
Truth in Objectivity
The word objectivity mainly has four primary explanations and out of the four, the explanation that is considered globally is the preciseness of the scatterings of the statistics with regards to the analysis of the traits when they are prepared with the help of several steps. This definition has been found to be most vital criteria in accordance to the method of objectivity. The method starts from the accounting tendency in order to give out the probable distribution (Palea 2015). Hence, it can be concluded that the word “truth” in the process of accounts is known as the need of keeping a secret as keeping away certain information away from the financial report can lead to the inefficient and wrongful accounting reports that can hinder the progress of the business and their activities.
Fairness
It is seen that the word fairness in the system of professional accounts is explained as the appearance of neutrality within the professional who compute accounting and for the preparation and deliverance of the precise reports of accounting. Historically, deals with the idea, which explains the financial reports that are disclosed to the management and the stakeholders always should be fair and true. The data that is gathered if discovered to fair and true when the data they receive is objective and neutral. The method of objectivity in this scenario is regeared in a philosophical point of view and not in a statistical way. In the general way, it is discovered that fairness concept explains that the financial reports are not motivated by undue influence or bias (Salihin et al., 2015). The principle of fairness reveals that the professionals who construct the accounts statement have constructed them with the help of the business process that are ethical in nature and with a honest faith of mind that are implemented in the presentation, manufacturing and financial result auditing. The professional interpretation is now restricted to the process of fairness during the time of presentation.
Therefore, it can be discovered that true and fair when seen as an accounting process is looked to be efficient as it brings forth the effective process for the construction of the financial statements. The theory of accounts has therefore prepared TFV and has implemented them. TFV is implied to ensure that the financial reports disclose the operations of the business efficiently (Treviño et al., 2014). The implication of TFV can be introduced by taking help of the process of accounting and the several principles and conventions that helps in making sure that the information with respect to accounts is declared effectively and consistently.
TFV looks towards the conventions of historical costs as it is seen to be the traditional method that aids in the method of accounting (Ho 2017). The various other conferences that are taken in to consideration are inclusive of the monetary evaluation, distinct entity, realisation and materiality.
In this paper, TFV is represented as the social contract. Zanola (2014) states that social contract is a traditional ideology and principle where the community members initiate an implied contract so that they can cooperate a benefit that is social in nature by compensating their freedom individually. Social Contract is a significant characteristic as it establishes a sense of collaboration and thus aids in improving the principles and concepts of accounting and thereby the construction of the financial statements. TFV concepts are considered as a social contract as it eliminates the biasness and intrinsic risks that are internal in nature in the reports (Cohen & Simnett 2014). TFV by performing as a social contract enhances the financial reports and thus brings out the actual image of the functions of the company and thereby aiding the management and other members associated with the firm to implement pertinent decisions.
Social contract looked upon as the process has been moving in the economy for a very long time as it is regarded as efficient process that aids in the elimination of the mistakes and the faults that are seen in the business. A feeling of being conscious is discovered between the professionals and the management and they compensate a segment of their profits and benefits so that a mutual profit can be achieved and a precise financial report can be prepared that would be advantageous for the concerned parties (Beattie 2014). The use of TFV gives out several developments in the accounting reports and these developments have been explained below:
The analysis of this matter reveals that TFV while the construction of the financial declaration represents that the social contract as it aids to construct a statement that brings out the precise outcomes and this will be without bias as the individuals who are constructing the statement may manipulate the financial statement and thus creating a faulty report (MACHADO et al., 2015). Conversely, the use of social contract will terminate these situations and can enhance the financial ranking of the organization.
As described by Rogowski (2015) the legitimacy concept can be regarded as the standard notion and a hypothesis that the workings of a distinct unit are demanded, accurate and precise within a specific communally established system with respect to the regulations and policies, the explanation and the concepts. In this scenario, it is seen that the concept of legitimacy can be regarded as one of the suitable principles and beliefs within the public and even in the space of the environment. Equally, the theory of social contract declares the information that from the beginning of the mankind civilization, there have been several social contracts and these contracts have helped the individuals and the government as well to perform and to work in a close association with each other. As explained by Glozer et al., (2014), the public and the communities are primarily controlled and managed by the government effectively. There are various ideologists and philosophies who have the mindset that mankind can gain various advantages by surviving and living in collaboration and the demand to follow different rules and policies.
It has been distinctly, that communities are the factors for the conciliation and the social contracts especially to bring out the model that is in relation to the path the government and the individuals can interact and communicate. Bitektine & Haack (2015) initiated an evaluation thereby bringing out the impact on the ecology on the present roles that are associated with accounting as it was regarded that accounting is more entrusted to be mingled in the process that is related with the issues of the environment. The social contract distinctly has standard compulsions to enact in a process that is accountable socially. This method of social contract importantly a elementary principle that is based on the several organizational theories and revelations on which the structure of a company relies on.
Dagiliene (2015) describes that this principle even gives out an important framework for evaluating and understanding the assertions associated with the environment by various companies. The theory of legitimacy is found to be one of the key communal theories that is crucially helped by the notion of a specific social contract. In this respect, it has been found that to be an efficient technique for the description in accordance to the considerations to the knowledge of ecological recording by several functional firms. There are several components by taking help of which the companies intend to officialise their own operations by looking to obtain the association between the functions of the units and the objectives that is in regards to the societal value. Among itself, it is vital to regard that the structure of legitimacy is one of the several theories of the society that have been used so that a description regarding the factor behind the distinctly ecological disclosures and the notions that are in regards to the social contract.
It is seen that there exists a significant amount of hesitation between the several researchers in regard to the offers that is shown with respect to the several voluntary announcements of the firm. Cheng et al., (2014) precisely brings forth that information there is a crucial problem that has to be taken into consideration consist of two varied concept of legitimacy out of which one of them involves the macro conception that is known as the Institutional Theory of Legitimacy. Distinctly, this specific theory looks to pact in the system of the organizational framework that has gained the acceptance from the community as a whole. Lu & Abeysekera (2014) explains that the organizational as well as the legitimacy similar logically and both the phenomenon gives out power and authority to the firms significantly by showing them natural and meaningful. Stanny (2013) describes accurately from the mindset of the accounting evaluation that reveals the agenda of time and even asks relevant questions that are taken into consideration, but the present state of the operations of the business that accounts for the capitalistic framework, the type of the government, which is democratic in nature and the several other factors that are regarded normally and a stagnant setting with the help of which the researches are completed. However, this notion is necessary to be regraded properly and then considered so that a long-term analysis of any length.
Böhme (2013) brings forth that there are several bands with regards to the theory of legitimacy. During the primary stage, there are religions, government, capitalism and societies. The next stage is known the organizational level and in this levels the extensions, defence, maintenance and establishments is present. Carrillo & Chinowsky (2013) explains properly that the stratum that is beneath the initial level is the organizational level. Distinctly, the elemental framework of legitimacy process takes help of the organizations look for acceptance as well as staying away from the criticisms of the society. Critically, most of the investigations that are related with the system of accounting have a propensity to bring forth the knowledge regarding legitimacy. The companies try to look for establishing a resemblance between the diverse societal with the help of the values that are linked to the principles of the adequate attitude with the history of wider structure that is in regards to the public. It is discovered that regarding the two variable systems of the fixed values that is present and it is observed that legitimacy of the companies is found to be pertinent. However, with respect to the time value when the practical or the potential inequality which is available between the two several systems of values and is observed that there will be a risk pertinent to the organizational legitimacy. Legitimacy that is viewed in the business is an operational resource that the companies terminate competitively from the cultural environment and they appoint thereby achieving their goals and objectives. Treviño et al., (2014) explains that the theory of legitimacy can be considered as the resource that a distinct organization demands during the bidding in order to function properly. There are several activities as well as events that increase the process of legitimacy and there are situations when the legitimacy can be reduced. The decreased degree of legitimacy can specifically have an adverse effect for a company that can gradually lead to the supremacy loss to perform. There are probabilities when a consideration can be undertaken in accordance to the company to be authentic and ideas are given for their validity and in the factual condition can turn into a larger exercise in order to construct the validity directly. The after effects are strong in this scenario but even in this case the validity can be considered as perception that is non-concrete and brings out the practicality by several members who are active in the socio-economic environment (Perks et al., 2013). For an investigator, to accurately publish the legitimacy of the several companies can be really a vaster job that describes the individual viewpoints of the investigators. Additionally, the process of legitimacy has been looked upon as the resources that the firms demand to obtain from the environment. However, during the period of evaluating the process of legitimacy, it is taken as a specific process that can be modified among the firms and it is seen that validity can be accurately considered as a vital portion of the exchange situation as well as the consequence that is associated to the policy of give and take. Significantly, it is seen that validity has a logical construction and this is a representation of the depictions that is discoverable and particularly looked upon as a combined evaluation for a firm and this is authenticated to various investigators as well as with the respondents logically by particularly through the progress of the import that is representational so that it can perform as an optimistic value in the course of the cultural interactions. Furthermore, it is seen that validity can be regarded as the higher order depiction of that specific explanations, which is a sample of the descriptions. Ruhanen & Whitford (2016) argues that accurate model in the arena of the legitimacy framework needs to examine the pertinent investors and the method in which it encourages the flow of the resources that is important for the establishment of the firm. Development as well as the expansion and overall survival with the aid of on hand control or by the system of announcement in accordance to goodwill is necessary for a firm.
Chauvey et al., (2015) describes that there are four types of investors associated with a company and every one of them are known to control the variable resources. The stakeholders of the company include the situations that controls and manages resources like legislation, agreements, policies, regulations, grants and taxes. Additionally, the investors mostly the public provides benefits like the assistance and support, customers with respect to the attention of the public and the labours. Furthermore, financial community is another important stakeholder that manages and controls the investment. Furthermore, the investors mostly the media even controls several resources that are straight in nature and this can considerably have a manipulation on the selection of the stakeholders. The companies even try to manage and control the legitimacy as it helps in taking specific sustainable labour capital flow and estimates the elimination of the total banishment of several products and various distasteful activities that are undertaken by the exterior parties. By the help of comforting and resolving the diverse potential issues, the infrastructural legitimacy that provides a classified management with a particular level of freedom and thus choose the method with the aid of which how and when the operations of the company can be undertaken.
It has been discovered that Stack (2017) rightly identified the framework of legitimacy concept and explained that this theory proposes that a company may comprise of four layers that is in accordance to the process of legitimacy. Distinctively, these levels are the base of legitimacy, maintenance of legitimacy, legitimacy growth and diversified defensive legitimacy. However, the social aspects are related with every levels of legitimacy. Parsons et al., (2014) describes that the primary level of the establishment of legitimacy gives out the primary levels of development for a company and have the intention to alter the matters of ability more significantly financial capability. Additionally, the business units need to be conscious of the communally founded measures of the eminence and the demand to execute in relation to the recognised competence code.
In this respect, the next footstep consists of the levels of the deferment of the legitimacy. It has been discovered there are conditions with respect to which the firms come into a fresh ecology and even alters the systems with which it connects to the innovative stock exchanges. In practicality, such an impact can lead to the rescheduling of the legitimacy that is appropriate to be strong as well as dynamic as the administration intends to gain swear as well as aiding the consumers who are not worth trusting.
Specifically, it is observed that legitimacy may face certain challenges by a particular program that is inherent and external and a consequence may require some boundaries. Cho & Patten (2013) comments that activities are deemed to be legitimate tries to be strong and receptive as the administration tries to resolve the challenges. The major manifestation is left out and it is forecasted in the Western Capitalist System that primarily all the firms can regularly demand to preserve the theory of legitimacy. In the final stage, it is discovered that it is the central focus of the several investigators in accordance to financial accounting. Moreover, it even provides the opportunity to analyse the significant links between legitimacy and resources. More specifically, the main study that was accurately quoted by the societal and environmental researchers who are related with the aspect to accounting tries to be pertinent with the scenario (Islam 2015). The legitimacy theory intends to various analysts as well as the vast community in a particular way to practically open the assorted declarations that are in nature corporate. Moreover, the evaluation as well as the knowledge of the present perception needs to be more varied and this majorly needs to be understood as the variation in the developments between the works that have been collected and have been more than similar. This is the consequence when the total capacity of the specific principle of legitimacy for the examination of the extensive range of the diversified declarations to gain knowledge efficiently. Legendre & Coderre (2013) explains that the knowledge that is gained can be used for the revealing the answer and the data to the decision makers particularly to the stakeholders. In this process, the society as a whole can be blessed with the power to gain improved supervising authority and gain the power to control and manage the process of allocation of the properties.
Conclusion:
The paper concludes by bringing out the fact that the perception of legitimacy is discovered to be one of the social theories that can be used to determine the trusted factors that are behind the ecological reports and the notion in accordance to the social contract. The paper reveals that the concept of validity has been the most recognised principles within the community in the ecological arena. The study aids in obtaining fundamental knowledge regarding the fact that legitimacy is significantly a common notion or belief that with its respect to determines that activities of a specific unit are necessarily demanded, suitable within the communally established principles, standards, beliefs and norms along with the explanations.
In this spirit, the paper helps in obtaining the synopsis with respect to the information that the theory of legitimacy is a firm mechanism for understanding the managed environmental and communal exposures that are given out by the organizations. It is seen this aspect aids in figuring out the information that it provides the transportation for starting a complex debate. Furthermore, this paper even aids in attaining the knowledge with respect to the information that True and Fair View (TFV) perception is a particular type of accounting principle and it is seen that TFV duplicates a social contract between the professionals of accounting.
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