The idea of disease prevention is necessarily included in health promotion, whereby it helps to enhance a healthy lifestyle of a person, family, communities and all nations in the world as suggested by Fertman (2015). It seeks to encourage a healthy lifestyle of an individual by getting the education about the determinants of health.
A major element in cultural and socioeconomic influence success on health behaviour is through development of health programs in partnership with the target population. Be it employees working in partnership with the employers or the providers of the local health service inside their communities. Thus the status of socioeconomic may be defined as an individual class or group, of social standing which is measured often by education, living accommodation, and employment. In addition belief and living standards, health services and surrounding access.
Local areas such as the London Borough of Newham has shown the impact of socioeconomic influences has on health. Founded on Multiple Deprivations (MD) index in London, the 3rd most local authority deprived is Newham. The unemployment rate in Newham is 14% which is considered as the highest in London and also the presence of non-decent housing which can easily cause infectious ailments like tuberculosis as shown by Public Health England (2014) because of overcrowding. Consequently, deprivation can be caused by unemployment which might cause health effects that are negative. This is because occupants may not be able to afford good healthy and quality food hence making an individual rely on food that is ready made which causes health issues such as cancer. Poverty can also influence health because children who belong to the wealthy families can acquire money to go to the gym to exercise or buy sports equipment while the sick children have nothing. People living in poverty always have easy access to unhealthy meals prompting them to suffer from many ailments such as obesity and diabetes. Employment promotes better life quality due to high income and wellbeing that is generally good.
Poor housing in Newham has caused spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and breathing issues which is critical to vulnerable individuals. Individuals living in clean environment and good housing environment are more likely to have mental health that is better.
Health of an individual might be affected depending on the level of education since uneducated person may lack sufficient knowledge concerning certain health lifestyle choices for example high blood pressure and smoking. Nonetheless, educated individuals are probable to have a health education that is good, thus minimising the risk of developing certain diseases (having a positive health impact).
Socioeconomic factors have both positive and negative influence on health however it is necessary to consider the complex influences which involves more than one factor.
Poverty and poor health go hand in hand, research (epidemiological) suggests that extreme levels of inequality has negative health influence since inequality decreases social cohesion. Various government sources have found the inequalities in health they are cited as Acheson Report, (DOH, 1998) The Black Report (DOH, 1980) and Marmot Report (1998).
The Black Report explained the reason why National Services has not closed the hole of social inequalities found in health there has been a progression in health generally. Equally there is relationship still, between inequality and social class.
There is a need for the government to appraise the impact of inequalities present in health systems and Acheson Report (1998) suggests the formulation of such policies to favor the less. The labour government in life expectancy relation acknowledged the areas fifth local authority with the deprived health indicators and classified this as the’ spearhead group’.
The report indicates that individuals from low socioeconomic status are more likely to smoke than those from a high socioeconomic state who had a high likelihood of giving up to smoking. This is the reason why the mortality for the low grade is more eminent than that of the other divisions.
The report also indicated that low-income earners are likely to smoke than the rich people who are included as one of the causes why the mortality rate for the lowest grade is more prominent than that of other divisions. This is also indicated in figure 1.2.
Fertman (2015) demonstrated that focus on the top end and the bottom of the social hierarchy does not deal with the need of minimizing inequality in Marmot’s Review.
There is a high mortality rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Newham. The ratio of the coronary heart prevalence in 2011 in England is much higher than in Newham. The ratio of the discovered to the appraisal of hypertension in 2011 is also higher in England. The rate is 0.44 compared with 0.38 in Newham. This implies that in Newham population, a great percentage of individual with hypertension and coronary heart disease are not getting suitable management in primary care. CHD and stroke admission in Newham is high compared to national rate23.
Illustration 3 down below shows that cardiovascular ailments in both men and women are high compared to others places in England. The diagram shows the percentage of others causes of death in Newham like circulatory disease 31% in women and 34%Circulatory (cardiovascular) disease, Respiratory sickness 13% in females and 12% in males, Cancers 26% in women and 25% in men others causes 30% in women and 29% in men.
This indicates that discoverable effect on health inequalities in Newham is caused by losses crowded housing, drug abuse, crime, lack of employment and low income.
Table 4 indicates the exigency acknowledgment rates of Cardiovascular Disease in Borough are 160.2 per 100,000 that is realized as more desolated than Newham which is 213.1 less.
Life expectancy in England has been increasing, both in London and Newham. The gap in life expectancy amid London and Newham in women has narrowed, conversely, it has amplified for men.
England’s’ female life expectancy is one and a half years higher than Newham at an average of 82.6 while Newham is 81.1 years. Life expectancy in male in England at an average of 78.6 years (2008-10) is two and a half years than in Newham where it is 76.2 years.
To increase life expectancy in Newham Clinical Commissioning Group recommends healthy lifestyle such as avoiding drug use and being active and healthy diet. Newham is facing momentous health challenges and has high mortality rate in London for cancer, heart disease and respiratory problems
Westminster’s life expectancy for the men is 1.5 years higher than London and two years higher than England. Advancement has been clear locally juxtaposed to England and London excluding the life expectancy difference between wealthy and poor places in borough 16.8 years is ranked higher publicly. Lifestyle actions also have a noticeable effect on individuals suffering from cardiovascular disease. 25% residence of Newham are obese, in contrast to 15% in Westminster city. Accordingly, 20.9% residence of Newham smoke compared to 17.5% in Westminster city (psnc.org.uk). High level of unhealthy lifestyle combined with deprived socioeconomic are expected to devise negative health effects on the outcome of local health.
Interpretation of the duty of healthcare practitioners, communication and illness discernment by the patient is influenced by the effects of cultural and religious barriers to health as suggested by Fertman (2015)
Physical walls can also be a mobility predicament, for example, individuals may not be able to approach some structures. For example, those individuals who use wheelchairs may not be able to find a building that he or she can use comfortably like buildings that do not have lifts. Physical inactivity can also cause a health hazard like obesity. Therefore people must indulge themselves in outdoor activities to maintain their health.
Newham residence are likely to experience financial barriers due to poverty and migration since may not be able to give to stake up for treatments on their low income whereby denying them of access to improved healthcare services.
Over 100.000 premature deaths in the UK are related to smoking tobacco as it continues to be a significant challenge in health. Over half a million confirmations are owed to smoking in England and Wales categorically (Fertman 2015).
The government has declared a span of bill and FISCAL causes and associated with consummation and purchase of tobacco and these relationships to promotion of health models like Tanner Hill and Downie(1996),Beattie (1991) and Tones, Tones and Tilford(1994) and Becker (1974) since those who do not smoke are profoundly affected by those who smoke.
Becker (1974)’s model’s interest is motivating people to call for positive, healthy activities to avoid adverse health effects as suggested by Fertman (2015). This model can be connected to government programs to boost people to stop smoking. Its objective is to educate the community about the dangers and effects of smoking tobacco, in parliamentary process to produce adjustments and modify their healthy lifestyle in adding the tax to minimize the usage of tobacco commented in Beattie model (1991). The government has also implemented smoke free legislation which protects individuals from the impacts of smoking and public and workplaces passive smoking. The Health Act (2006). This encourages individuals to upgrade their behaviours and purposes embolden smokers to lay by the wayside and to stop smoking in their homes and family cars (Orenstein, 2004).
Health education is a tactic that is active in handling with smoking not necessarily because it educates on risk of health but people but because representatives believe it is the best method to attack.
Smoking of tobacco still maintains the top spot of causes of premature deaths that are avoidable in the United Kingdom and the estimation is more than 82000 deaths among adults who are 35 years of age and above in 2010. Smoking has caused a broad dimension of critical ailments like heart disease, cancer, and other related illness. (Fertman 2015). Smoking increase cost on people by causing harm to non-smokers and polluting the air, thus causing health problems such as cancer through passive smoking and producing litter. Most countries have banned smoking in public areas to protect non-smokers health and discourage smoking. Other methods used by the government to reduce smoking include warnings, and health campaigns (Grant, 2014).
Therefore, my objective is as a cessation officer is to evaluate the smoker’s surroundings and execute systems in regards to their fall preparation to the process of the parliament to fill the aims of the government. My duty as a cessation officer is to embrace Beattie’s model that is significant in assisting individuals to promote a healthy life as commented by Fertman (2015).
A substantial portion will be occupied by a local community and make sure that there is necessary support where all people can access it quickly and therefore considering the Caplan and Holland’s model(1990) of health that enhances academic health and acknowledgment will be an elemental technique will be applied.
The study has shown that many people have been lost to smoking remission or its prevalence because the safe methods to use tobacco are readily available. Preference should be given investigation empirically that would measure the problem’s size and the involved risks. (Fertman 2015)
Thus, as a smoking cessation officer, it is my purpose to advocate routine health such as rest, personal hygiene, diet, and exercise. Individuals who smoke have a high risk of suffering from a gum illness, and they will stain their teeth because of prolonged usage of tar in tobacco.
Support will be required for people to practice strategies of relaxation like deep breathing, yoga and meditation and the number of cigarettes they always smoke as an officer of the cessation. This will assist in creating positivity and deal with withdrawal symptoms of nicotine appropriately. Furthermore, I will indulge them in healthy activities such as going for a walk and also encouraging them to eat healthy meals and helping them drink a lot of water.
Preventive activity was constrained by anticipated barriers.T he suggestion by the health belief models of taking an intervened health activity is also vital. Recognized susceptibility and recognition of critical condition affected the anticipated threat. The noticed risk of the ailment was transformed by developmental elements such as cues, personality, age, and sex. (Fertman, 2015).
The creation of Health Belief Model was in the early 1950s and was supposed to assist in providing information about the reason why people are unable to engage in free X-ray processes that are being offered by the public health service. (Fertman 2015).
The study has realized that a person’s perspective, social criterion and anticipated control over the conduct. A person’s belief about smoking might be based on their evaluation of the quitting choice and also the societal thinking about behavior.
Possible health issues are still in the debate because of the difference in suggestions between the government, food industries and health promoters who advocate the use of tobacco which leads to a misunderstanding of issues. Therefore it is difficult to deal with obesity because of the underlying problems. They work together efficiently to inform the consumer about nutrition and food labels. The government and the industries also promote healthy living and good eating habits to prevent and manage obesity.
Providing health information is essential to the public because it gives them the courage to live a healthy lifestyle in regards to their health. This technique has been used to work on the span of inequalities that lead to suffering from obesity. (Fertman, 2015).
People must be given significant information about the food they eat and their dietary habits which provides them with an opportunity to suffer from obesity. Therefore, they have to inform the public about the information on food labels and how to live a healthy life.
Advancing health is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. Therefore, the benefactions of individuals responsible for promoting health is essential for the population’s health progression. Furthermore, in regards to executing this efficaciously, the health promoter should also collect data and conduct a study from local places and create objectives from this as suggested by Anon.
The following illustration demonstrates the health profile of a population of Newham in children.
My campaign’s objective is to create awareness of the risks related to obesity in the population such as children and also offer knowledge to the children in Newham (Anon). My goals will strictly follow SMART, and therefore it will be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound to get good results.
The technique chosen in my campaign is working with education centers in Newham to provide knowledge to the learners about physical activities, eating habits and healthy living. I will also create posters and advertisements to educate the children.
The illustration below shows the cost estimate of my campaign
|
Resource |
Amount |
Cost |
|
Stickers |
50000 |
£2.000 |
|
Posters (A3) |
1000 |
£ 250 |
|
Staffing |
13 campaigners |
£9.000 |
|
Training Staff |
Four days |
£ 750 |
|
Total: |
£12.000 |
The usefulness of and the advantages of my campaign will be determined by people who have skills in these issues and also an agreement about whether the information is valid to the children.
The campaign uses a span of wellness advancement approaches as objects for adding issues associated with health for the groups targeted in the population. Furthermore, my study encourages some national strategies that involve wellbeing and elimination caused by heart diseases. My campaign will target children and explain to them about the risks involved in obesity and focus on rebuilding a healthy lifestyle both in school and at home. Therefore the rationale for this campaign is to alert the children and the youth regarding the risks involved in obesity as it will help in reducing the number of children suffering from obesity in particularly in Newham.
References
Anon, (n.d.). Child Obesity problem in Bexley – Kinetic Kids Academy.
Fertman, C. (2015). Workplace Health Promotion Programs: Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey -Bass A Willey Brand.
Grant, S. (2014). Cambridge IGCSE Economics. 4th ed. Cambridge: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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