Question:
Discuss about the Tourism Development at Clipper Bay.
Clipper Bay is the town which is in rich aesthetic value and has mesmerising view of mountains and seas. It has clusters of unique limestone caves with numerous rock pool formations. As rest of the country is modifying, local government of the town wants to revitalize economy of the town for this purpose it has allocated the budget of $50 million. This report includes a prospective plan on tourism development as an effective measure to revitalise the economy of the town. Tourism planning can be described as blue print that analyses the need of the people planning the trip. Accordingly it provides direction and focus for the local tourism industry, community, businesses and government (Mason, 2015). Tourism planning consists of both positive and negative environmental aspects, socio- cultural aspects and economic impacts. Tourism planning has major effect on the local community of the town, it brings to them various advantages and disadvantages. Sustainable planning done in consultation with various stake holders reduces the disadvantages to some extent. Sustainable tourism planning can be defined as planning to develop tourist in such a way that it minimises negative impacts and maximises positive impacts on socio- cultural and ecological environment (Edgell, 2016).
Tourism is an important tool for economic development. It is an important source to develop tax revenues, sources of job and urban revitalization (Mowforth & Munt, 2015). The development of tourism sector includes involvement of stakeholders such as government, private sector enterprises and local communities. The management of all the stakeholders is very essential to build a sustainable tourism development plan (Sautter & Leisen 1999).
To revitalise economy of Clipper Bay there is a need of sustainable planning. This can be done by taking few steps. Identify the potential areas that can be developed. In Clipper Bay fishing industry and tourism industry are two major areas that can help to revitalise economy. Developing tourism sector will be a better choice because it will lead to development of various other areas such as sightseeing activities, water sports activities, authentic sea food cooked by the locals, hand weaved products by women, infrastructure and transportation. Developing of tourism sector will also indirectly lead to the development of fishing industry because the demand for fish and fish products will increase as more tourists will visit the place. The next step is identifying the stake holders for Clipper Bay. The stake holders for the town include government, environmental agencies, communities, cultural heritage industries, private enterprises, visitors and tourism organisations. It is always important to discuss the tourism planning with the local communities because this development will enable to attain both planning- oriented and community- oriented objectives. The tourism development in the particular area will affect the quality of life of the local community. Therefore it is very important to ensure that interest of local community is safeguarded while planning the tourism development of a particular area. If the local community is not in the favour of the developments that had been planned, it will adversely affect the planning and neither planning objectives nor community objectives will be achieved, so it is always better to discuss the plan with the local community of the area. Just discussing the plan with communities is not enough; the next step is involving people throughout the process. This could be done by community meetings, interviews, advisory committees, resident’s feedback, visual mapping, pictorial or photographic illustration. Another thing that is to be done is identifying the key issues at Clipper Bay. The key issues at Clipper Bay are unfertile land, no job opportunities other than fishing and less developed roads. These issues need to be resolved with the help of various community members. The next thing is making projections or estimations, to allocate $50 million fund that is provided by the government. A budget should be made that clearly outlines how much amount should be distributed to each activity. At last proper and systematic implementation of plan is required.
Return on investment (ROI) can be described as a measure of efficiency of an investment. It measures the associated benefit with various kinds of direct investments. Formula for the same is (Gain from investment – Cost of investment)/ Cost of investment (Phillips & Phillips, 2006). For Clipper Bay ROI will be calculated by summing revenues for the state, less state expenditure and dividing it by state investment or expenditure. In tourism industry there are various kinds of returns that stakeholders expect form the tourism development. The returns that shareholders expect from development of tourism at Clipper bay will include monetary benefits, community development, maintenance of historical places, protection and promotion of cultural values, development of infrastructure, better transportation facilities and development of trade in the area.
Government of Clipper Bay has allocated an overall budget of $50m to vitalize the economy and most promising industry that holds the potential to be developed is tourism. Development of tourism will include the investment in building roads, transportation activities and development of natural tourist spots. Major proportion of the funds will be allocated to infrastructure development. All this will help to generate monetary benefits and therefore supporting the economic revitalisation of the economy. The investment on various sectors will also give various not monetary returns like transport, trade and infrastructure development. This will enhance the cultural values and learning among the local community and ultimately resulting into community development. Therefore the return on investment that is expected in Clipper Bay is high.
Clipper Bay is moving ahead for the tourism development but the city lacks basic infrastructure. The town does not have well developed roads, housing facilities, restaurants and hotels. The residents of Clipper Bay do their laundry task by the sea.
Infrastructure is the key to development for any industry or place. Physical infrastructure is the backbone of developed economy (Ascher & Krupp, 2010). Keeping this thing in mind government is taking initiatives to build a highway, so that the place becomes easily assessable. The infrastructure development should be done in a sustainable manner because travel is an important educational tool that can stimulate the maintenance of natural and cultural heritage for the future generations. Better roads are needed, to develop the transportation facilities for the place. The place has an advantage that it is at the tip of peninsula and situated by the sea. The sea can establish link of the town with various other places. Water transportation facilities can be developed for the place. Mobility ensures access to markets, schools and hospitals it will help in developing the local community of the town. If the place has good transport facilities it will attract more tourists. For the community government needs to build common laundries. The next thing for developing tourism of the town is construction of hotels, resorts, entertainment activities places and beach sports activities. This can be done by attracting private enterprises for investing in the place. Infrastructure development will encourage tourist to the place and provide job opportunities to the local community members. This will ultimately result in revitalising the economy of Clipper Bay. Along with infrastructure development, the government should make sure that all this development do not exploit the natural resources, social, economic and ecological processes of the town that are important for human equity, diversity and functionality of natural systems (Yigitcanlar, 2010).
Advantages
Tourism sector develops various other sectors (UNWTO, n.d.):
Developing of tourism will include development of various other sectors in the Clipper Bay. This will include development of roads, hotels and transports. Tourism industry attracts various tourists in the town and also various businesses will be required to cater the needs of tourists. The increase in demand for various things will lead to development of various sectors. Overall development will boost up economy of the country.
It can provide opportunities for various small businesses (Othman& Rosli, 2011):
Development of tourism industry will provide opportunity for various small and medium enterprises to set up their businesses at Clipper Bay. These opportunities can be hotel food supply, room cleaning services, handicrafts, child care services, garbage collection services and repair & maintenance services. These opportunities will also encourage local communities to come up with their own small scale business.
Improving balance of payments between nations:
Developing of tourism sector will encourage foreign tourist to the Clipper Bay. Thus it will enable the town to earn foreign exchange. It will ultimately result in improving balance of payment of the country.
Provides income and employment to communities in formal and informal sector:
Development of tourism will generate various employment opportunities at Clipper Bay in both formal and informal sector. This will generate income for local community members.
Sources of various tax revenues for the government:
Developing tourism at Clipper Bay can help government to earn various tax revenues.
Disadvantages
Low paid and seasonal jobs:
Tourism sector is labour intensive but it provides seasonal and low paid jobs. Every place has a particular favourable season to visit; the number of tourist is very high during that particular season and very low during the other seasons. Thus it is the disadvantage associated with tourism sector at Clipper Bay.
A lot of capital expenditure required:
Proper development of tourism sector at Clipper Bay will require lot of capital expenditure from the government. In order to develop the tourism sector various other sectors are needed to developed, major of which is infrastructure sector and this requires huge capital expenditure.
Location can become over dependent on tourism:
Development of tourism industry at Clipper Bay can increase the dependency of the location on tourism. People will be able to earn only through tourist and have to face difficulties in case there are no or very less tourists. They will not have any other alternative option to earn their living.
Advantages
Force of peace:
Tourism increases movement of people form one place to other. If people will come to visit Clipper Bay this promotes understanding of culture, traditions and lifestyle of the place. This understanding encourages sympathy and mutual understanding towards each other. Thus tourism will act as an important vehicle for peace (Isaak, 2014).
Cross cultural Appreciation:
Cross cultural appreciation will promote cross cultural knowledge, awareness and sensitivity among different communities. Tourism at Clipper Bay will lead to generation of interest of tourist in local art and crafts thus promoting arts and crafts of the town.
Improved lifestyle and practices:
Development of tourism will promote learning. People from Clipper Bay will learn from culture of others and others will learn from the culture of Clipper Bay. This learning will result in improving lifestyles and practices of the community. It is the result of demonstration effect.
Growth opportunities for cooking culture of the place:
From the case study it is seen that women folks of the town have specialisation in cooking authentic sea food. Development of tourism will promote spreading of this culture.
Disadvantages
Cultural erosion:
Cultural erosion means bringing changes to the original things, cultures or traditions due to the commercialisation of things (Zaidan, 2016). For example- Commercialisation can bring changes according to tourist demands in authentic food of Clipper Bay. It can also bring changes to the festival celebrating style of the town. This cultural erosion will ultimately lead to loss in the original cultural values of the place.
Violation of spiritual norms of the community:
Every community have some spiritual norms it is not always necessary that visitors also respect that tradition (DeMott, 2017). Violation of spiritual norms can be done intentionally by the tourist as they do not hold same respect for spiritual norms or sometimes it is done unintentionally as they are not aware of the those norms. Thus development of tourism may lead to violation of the spiritual norms of the communities at Clipper Bay.
Cultural clashes:
Residents of different places have different cultures and traditions. Development of tourism encourages cultural exchange and this cultural exchange can sometimes result into contradictions or clashes among different cultures (Yang, Ryan, & Zhang 2013). It is possible that the cultural values of tourist that visit Clipper Bay contrast with the cultural values of the local community of the town, this may result into cultural clashes between the visitor and local community members. Development of tourism at Clipper Bay can result into cultural clashes with the members of different nations.
Increase in criminal activities:
Tourism development can lead to increase in criminal activities in town. These criminal activities can be illegal selling of drugs, theft, and cheating the tourists. This is because some people seek for an opportunity of easy earning from the tourist. This may adversely affect the peaceful atmosphere of the place.
Advantages
Helps to generate funding to maintain natural sites:
Tourism industry will help to generate funds. The funds can be generated by imposing tickets and entry charges on the naturally beautiful sites. These funds can be utilised by the local governments for maintenance of the natural beauty of the Clipper Bay.
Environmental awareness rising:
Tourism industry can turn to be an effective tool for spreading environmental awareness among the tourists for sustainable tourism activities. At Clipper Bay environmental awareness can be spread by informing the tourist about various environmental hazards that can be potential result of various tourist activities.
Disadvantages
Depletion of natural resources:
Excessive tourism at Clipper Bay can lead to depletion of natural resources such as air and water. It can also lead to land degradation. It creates pressure on local resources such as food, energy and other raw material.
Pollution:
Pollution can be of different types like air, water and noise. Air pollution can be defined as presence of toxic chemicals in the air that are dangerous for health (Boubel, Vallero, Fox, Turer & Stern 2013).When tourism development takes place it leads to an increase in the transportation. Various factors that contribute to air pollution are rail, road and air transportation and emissions from the industries. Water pollution means presence of toxic chemicals in water that make it unfit for consumption (Kneese, 2015).If the tourism is developed it will lead to increase in the number of motor boats, ships and wastage. All this will release toxins and chemicals into the sea and ultimately cause water pollution in Clipper Bay. Noise pollution is defined as excessive level of noise that may harm the normal human or animal life (Murphy & King 2014). Increase in number of tourism will result into more noise due to parties and celebrations ultimately resulting in noise pollution for the town.
Solid Waste and Littering:
Waste disposal will be a major problem for Clipper Bay if it develops it tourism sector. Waste littering will not only degrade the natural beauty of the place but it is also a life hazard for marine animals.
Depleting the aesthetic value:
Aesthetic value of the place will be degraded if more number of tourists visits the place. It will be developed according to the tourist requirements and this will ultimately harm the natural beauty and natural climate of the Clipper Bay.
Deforestation:
As we have read in the case study that Clipper Bay has a small population of people and most of its land is covered by forest. Deforestation is an activity to cut down trees for the sake of development (Miller & Spoolman, 2014). Developing tourism sector in Clipper Bay will require development infrastructure. This will result in heavy deforestation in the place.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that tourism development in Clipper Bay holds potential for economy revitalisation. Clipper Bay needs an effective tourism development plan with consultation from local communities and other stake holders. The expected return on investment from tourism development in the town is high and thus tourism seems a potential option to invest in. The tourism development will have various economic, socio- cultural and environmental implications on the town. The major positive benefit from this development is monetary benefits for different stakeholders this will ultimately be helpful in economic revitalisation of the town. The major negative implication will be environmental hazards. The increase in tourism activities will lead to increase in pollution levels and waste disposal problems this will adversely affect the environmental sustainability. To overcome this issue the development should be done in such a way that environmental sustainability should be taken into consideration. The government has allocated the fund of $50 million for the revitalisation of economy. It needs to ensure that funds are distributed properly among various activities so that they are effectively utilised. To ensure the overall efficiency of the tourism plan all the pros and corns related to the various aspects need to be analysed and issues needed to be resolved.
References:
Ascher, W., & Krupp, C. (Eds.). (2010). Physical infrastructure development: balancing the growth, equity, and environmental imperatives. Springer.
Boubel, R. W., Vallero, D., Fox, D. L., Turner, B., & Stern, A. C. (2013). Fundamentals of air pollution. Elsevier.
DeMott, B. (Ed.). (2017). Perspectives by Incongruity: First of the Year. Routledge.
Edgell Sr, D. L. (2016). Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future. Routledge.
Isaak, R. (2014). Responsible Tourism and Development in the Context of Peace-building. International Handbook on Tourism and Peace. Klagenfurt: Drava, 87-100.
Kneese, A. V. (2015). Water Pollution: Economics Aspects and Research Needs. Routledge.
Mason, P. (2015). Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge.
Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2014). Sustaining the earth. Cengage Learning.
Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2015). Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge.
Murphy, E., & King, E. (2014). Environmental noise pollution: Noise mapping, public health, and policy. Newnes.
Othman, P., & Rosli, M. M. (2011). The impact of tourism on small business performance: Empirical evidence from Malaysian islands. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1).
Phillips, P. P., & Phillips, J. J. (2006). Return on investment (ROI) basics. American Society for Training and Development.
Sautter, E. T., & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders a tourism planning model. Annals of tourism research, 26(2), 312-328.
Shani, A., & Pizam, A. (2012). Community participation in tourism planning and development. In Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research (pp. 547-564). Springer Netherlands.
UNWTO. (n.d.). Specialized Agency of United Nations: World tourism Organisation. Retrieved from https://www2.unwto.org/category/technical-product-target/private-sector
Yang, J., Ryan, C., & Zhang, L. (2013). Social conflict in communities impacted by tourism. Tourism Management, 35, 82-93.
Yigitcanlar, T. (Ed.). (2010). Sustainable Urban and Regional Infrastructure Development: Technologies, Applications and Management: Technologies, Applications and Management. IGI Global.
Zaidan, E. (2016). The impact of cultural distance on local residents perception of tourism development: The case of Dubai in UAE. Turizam: me?unarodni znanstveno-stru?ni ?asopis, 64(1), 109-126.
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