Transport is a standout amongst the most essential angles in the everyday existence of the general population, as their activities can’t be ful?lled without moving. The general population’s development firmly related with their social statistic trademark, for example, sexual orientation, marital status, age, level of education, occupation, and also the family member’s activities. The activities depend on various purposes, which are educational activities, working activities, recreational activities, shopping, etc. There are various modes of transport and people can always pick the desired mode to use. The different modes of transport are presently coming various perspectives from the customary models.
Presently people have a tendency to pick the mode that is secure, comforting, trip distance, reliability of the mode as well as the cost involved. Understanding travel behavior is very essential in informing stakeholders. Behavior survey is often adopted as a method to understand individual travel behavior. This study therefore sought to understand the transport behavior of employees going to work.
Research Design
The study is a cross-sectional descriptive study where a sample of 100 participants was collected. Primary data for a Sydney transport behavior survey was used to perform analysis. The dataset is given in appendix 1 below. There are 4 variables and the description of the variables is given below;
Table 1: Variable description
|
Variable |
Description |
Type |
|
Gender |
Gender of the participant |
Nominal |
|
Age |
Age of the participant |
Numeric |
|
Transport |
Preferred mode of transport when going to work |
Nominal |
|
Public transport |
Why choose public transport? |
Nominal |
|
Time1 |
Time taken to work place in office hours |
Numeric |
|
Time2 |
Time taken to work place in non-office hours |
Numeric |
Hypothesis Development
The main aim of this study was to analyze the transport behavior among the employees going to work. The hypothesis was built based on the following research questions;
From the above research questions, the following hypothesis were tested;
HA: There is significant difference in the proportion of people who choose public transportation to go to work and those who choose private transportation.
HA: There is significant difference in time taken by public transport in office hours and in non-office hours.
HA: There is significant difference in the proportion of male participants who choose public transportation to go to work and the female participants who choose public transportation to go to work.
Results and Discussion
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics were performed to understand the data distribution. The table below gives the descriptive statistics.
Table 2: Descriptive statistics
|
Time1 |
Time2 |
Age |
|
|
Mean |
32.81 |
24.01 |
45.36 |
|
Standard Error |
0.71 |
0.58 |
1.12 |
|
Median |
33.00 |
23.00 |
45.00 |
|
Mode |
37.00 |
23.00 |
36.00 |
|
Standard Deviation |
7.09 |
5.78 |
11.17 |
|
Sample Variance |
50.24 |
33.42 |
124.78 |
|
Kurtosis |
-0.96 |
-0.97 |
-1.04 |
|
Skewness |
-0.12 |
0.20 |
-0.01 |
|
Range |
25.00 |
20.00 |
40.00 |
|
Minimum |
20.00 |
15.00 |
25.00 |
|
Maximum |
45.00 |
35.00 |
65.00 |
|
Sum |
3281.00 |
2401.00 |
4536.00 |
|
Count |
100 |
100 |
100 |
The average age of the participants was 45.36 years with the oldest participants being 65 years of age and the youngest being 25 years of age. The median age was 45 years old.
The average time taken to reach the work place in office hours was 32.81 minutes with the highest recorded time being 45 minutes and the lowest time recorded being 20 minutes. The median time was 33 minutes.
The average time taken to reach the work place in non-office hours was 24.01 minutes with the highest recorded time being 35 minutes and the lowest time recorded being 15 minutes. The median time was 23 minutes
Frequencies
In terms of gender, majority of the respondents were male participants (55%, n = 55) while 45% (n = 45) said to be females.
In terms of preference for the transport, most said to prefer public transport (69%, n = 69) as compared to the private transport (31%, n = 31).
Why choose public transport?
In order to determine the factors that influence people to use public transport, respondents were asked the reason behind their choosing public transport. Majority (52.2%, n = 36) chose public transport because of the cost. They believe it is much cheaper than to use private means. Efficiency came distant second at 18.8% (n = 13) while time saving and comfortability came third and fourth respectively at 17.4% (n = 12) and 11.6% (n = 8) respectively.
Table 3: Reasons for choosing public transport
|
n |
% |
|
|
Cost |
36 |
52.2% |
|
Efficiency |
13 |
18.8% |
|
Comfortability |
8 |
11.6% |
|
Time saving |
12 |
17.4% |
Normality Tests
In attempt to test whether the three numeric variables (time1, time2 and age) follows a normal distributions, we constructed a histogram and also performed a normality test. The results are given in the table and figures below;
Table 4: Tests of Normality
|
Kolmogorov-Smirnova |
Shapiro-Wilk |
|||||
|
Statistic |
df |
Sig. |
Statistic |
df |
Sig. |
|
|
Time taken to reach the work place in office hours |
.084 |
100 |
.081 |
.965 |
100 |
.009 |
|
Time taken to reach the work place in non-office hours |
.089 |
100 |
.047 |
.959 |
100 |
.003 |
|
Age of the participant |
.081 |
100 |
.100 |
.963 |
100 |
.007 |
|
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction |
The table above (table 3), based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, only time taken to reach the work place in non-office hours showed that the data does not follow normal distribution (p < 0.05). The other two variables (taken to reach the work place in office hours and age of the respondent) showed that the data follows a normal distribution (P > 0.05). The histograms provided below further confirms the conclusions made from the table.
Inferential Statistics
Hypothesis 1:
This hypothesis sought to test the following;
HA: There is significant difference in the proportion of people who choose public transportation to go to work and those who choose private transportation.Using one sample proportion test, we found the results as given below;
Table 5: One-Sample Statistics
|
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
|
|
Transport |
100 |
.6900 |
.46482 |
.04648 |
Table 6: One-Sample Test
|
Test Value = 0 |
||||||
|
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
||
|
Lower |
Upper |
|||||
|
Transport |
14.844 |
99 |
.000 |
.69000 |
.5978 |
.7822 |
Clearly, the proportion of those who use public transport to work is more than that of those who use private transport to work (p < 0.05).
Hypothesis 2:
This hypothesis sought to test the following;
HA: There is significant difference in time taken by public transport in office hours and in non-office hours.
This was tested using t-test and the results are presented in the table below;
Table 7: t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
|
Time1 |
Time2 |
|
|
Mean |
32.73913 |
24.65217 |
|
Variance |
47.72506 |
33.90665 |
|
Observations |
69 |
69 |
|
Pooled Variance |
40.81586 |
|
|
Hypothesized Mean Difference |
0 |
|
|
df |
136 |
|
|
t Stat |
7.434987 |
|
|
P(T<=t) one-tail |
5.28E-12 |
|
|
t Critical one-tail |
1.656135 |
|
|
P(T<=t) two-tail |
1.06E-11 |
|
|
t Critical two-tail |
1.977561 |
The results from the t-test shows that there is significant difference in the amount of time taken to travel to work during the office hours and the non-office hours (p < 0.05). The average time taken during the office hours (M = 32.74, SD = 6.91) was significantly more than the time taken to travel to work during the non-office hours (M = 24.65, SD = 5.82).
Hypothesis 3:
This hypothesis sought to test the following;
HA: There is significant difference in the proportion of male participants who choose public transportation to go to work and the female participants who choose public transportation to go to work.
The results of the test are provided below;
Inputs
|
Results
|
CI plot
As can be seen, the p-value is greater than 5% level of significance thus we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no significant difference in the proportion of male participants who choose public transportation to go to work and the female participants who choose public transportation to go to work.
Conclusion
Several factors were found to influence the travelers choice on using public transport. A sample size used for the study was 100 participants living in Sydney. Among the factors were the cost, efficiency, comfortability and time saving. The study established that these factors had different weights in influencing the use of transport to work. Cost was found to have a higher weight towards the use of public transport followed by efficiency, time saving and comfortability in that order. We also established that there is no significant difference in the proportion of male participants who choose public transportation to go to work and the female participants who choose public transportation to go to work.
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