Discuss About The Triboelectrostatic Separation Granular Waste?
The report focuses on conducting a research associated with the generation of plastic wastes especially in the context of Australia. It aims in conducting research associated with the different techniques and processes associated with the management and disposal of plastic waste products while also in understanding the impacts generated by plastic wastes on the natural environment. Empirical research is focused on being conducted through study of journals and other online sources concerning the topic.
During 2014-15, it was estimated that the per capita generation of plastic waste products in Australia amounted to 2.5 metric tonnes. It was further reported that the level of generation of plastic wastes gained a reduction of 14 percent during the stated period (Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016). The same is reflected in the following illustration.
(Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016)
A statistics generated during 2016 reveals that the Australians on an average tend to use around 6.9 million of plastic bags on an annual basis. Moreover, around 36,700 tonnes of plastic bags are estimated to be dumped as landfills on an annual basis by Australians out of which only 10 percent are observed to be recyclable in nature. Further, in terms of use of bottled water it is estimated that around 373 million of plastic bottles used for storing water is taken to end up as waste products in the region (Ocean Crusaders , 2016).
Four different techniques are identified that contribute in effective disposal of plastic waste products along Australia and other offshore regions. In the first place, an easy way of disposing plastic waste products is by dumping the same in landfills. However, the process of dumping plastic wastes in landfills is considered to be unhygienic owing to grave mismanagement and also the decomposition of plastic into toxic constituents polluting the atmosphere. The second technique of disposal of plastic wastes is associated with incinerating the plastic wastes. Incineration of plastic wastes actively contributes to the generation of energy such that the plastics are plastics are derived as a by-product during generation of petroleum and natural gas. However again, the incineration of plastic wastes cause the release of toxic waste products into the natural environment thereby causing air and water pollution and similarly other types of health hazards (Wu et al., 2013).
Recycling in the third place is considered one of the most effective ways concerning the disposal of plastic waste products. However, recycling to be effective requires the proper collection and also sorting of waste products made of plastics. The collection and sorting activities concerning plastics are needed to be carried out through the generation of recycled bins and other infrastructural facilities like allocation of waste collection trucks. Finally, the use of biodegradable plastics or such plastic products that tend to be decomposed based on the action of living organisms need to be effectively promoted along different regions. The same contributes in solving different issues concerning waste management of plastic wastes like disposable packaging wherein the same can be effectively segregated from other organic waste products. It is however argued that the technique associated with oxy-biodegradable plastic may tend to release different toxic metals and materials into the environment (Hadi et al., 2015).
An effective waste disposal technique is being hypothesized that focuses on converting plastic waste products containing both of household and other commercial plastic wastes to fuel. The implementation of the waste disposal technique is taken to help in reducing the amount of plastic wastes by around 80 percent. It thus serves as an active and effective technique for the generation of fuel products and thereby helping in addressing the shortage of fuel resources in the region (Yong et al., 2015).
The generation of plastic waste products and its accumulation in oceans is recognised to be a serious environmental issue in Australia. Different types of plastic waste products like road markings, plastic tyres, paint products, fibres used in clothes, microbeads used in cosmetic products along with other types of non-biodegradable plastics tend to increasingly pollute the water resources thereby affecting the marine life (Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016). The growth in the level of microplastic sedimentation along the ocean bed of Australia has shocked a number of marine scientists in the region. The ocean bed of the south-east coastline of Australia reflects increased level of microplastic pollution. The Bicheno Beach based in Tasmania with also other regions like southern coast of Adelaide, Jervis and Port Philip Bay and also the Sydney Harbour reflected potential pollution on account of microplastic sedimentation (Pigram, 2017). A sample of microplastic sedimentation along the ocean floor of Australia is reflected as follows.
(Pigram, 2017)
The sample collection made by marine researchers reflected that every millilitre of plastic and waste sedimentation contained about 3.4 microplastics. The increased level of microplastic segmentation was mainly accounted to be generated by the fragmentation of plastic products and also micro beads and fibres used in production of cosmetics and clothing respectively. The microplastic sedimentation is researched to be mainly generated by washing machines used in households which are then discharged or littered in to the oceans. The east coast of Bicheno based in Tasmania recorded presence of around 12 microplastic filaments along each millilitre of waste sediments. It is inferred by the researchers that the presence of such microplastic filaments along the ocean bed were harmful to marine life such that they can tend to ingest such products or get entangled in them (Pigram, 2017).
It is further estimated that around 100,000 aquatic creatures die owing to getting entangled in plastic products like plastic bags and other microplastic fragments. More specifically, it is estimated that around 1 million sea birds suffer fatality owing to the plastic pollution in the oceans. Animals tend to die owing to plastic sedimentation in the ocean bed in that the plastic bags and other products take a longer time to disintegrate. It is estimated that plastics take a longer time of around 20 to 1000 years to completely disintegrate or decompose into other toxic chemicals and polymers that account for further toxicity and pollution of sea water (Ocean Crusaders , 2016).
Two companies, Replas and also the RED Group operating in Australia have taken significant steps for helping in the reduction of plastic waste products. These companies are identified to be key institutions that are involved in collecting and also processing of soft plastic packages. An estimate generated by the Plastics and Chemical Industries Association of Australia reflected that around 300,000 tonnes of plastic wastes are collected for recycling purposes on an annual basis. 50 percent of the total plastic wasted collected are sent to overseas for being recycled while 20 percent of the plastic wastes are indigenously processed to be made into pellets that are thereby outsourced to foreign markets (Waste Management Review , 2017). Different types of plastic products like co-mingled containers consisting of bottles and other juice containers, soft plastics like bubble wrappers, shopping bags, shrink wrappers and other hard plastic products like PET packaging and containers and other plastic creates are focused on being recycled by the recycling companies based in Australia. The soft plastic products and plastic bottles are focused on being baled while the harder plastic products are firstly processed and thereby converted into granules and pellets. These pellets are thereby transported for commercial uses to different manufacturing and production companies. The recycling of plastic products actively contributes in the development of pipes for irrigation purposes and also mobile bins for dumping of garbage (Suez, 2017). The same is reflected in the following illustration.
(Suez, 2017)
Reduction of use of plastic straws contributes in reducing the level of plastic wastage. Similarly, the retail companies are encouraged to reduce the level of consumption of nylon and polyester bags through the introduction of cloth bags made of cotton and the like. Further, use of reusable plastic bottles and cups also help in reduction of plastic wastage in the region. Similarly, the use of different types of plastic wares like that forks, spoons, knives and even chopsticks are increasingly restricted along different types of restaurants while customers are encouraged to both bring and use steel wares to the restaurants. Again, reusable containers are also largely being promoted to be used on a wider scale by the Australian consumers. Reusable bags like cotton bags are also promoted to be used as bins rather than the use of plastic bags and bins for dumping of wastes. Chewing gums are being increasingly restricted on being consumed by the Australian consumers such that the same contain larger amount of plastics and other toxic products (Moss, 2015). The above initiatives are being continuously undertaken for helping in reducing the generation of plastic and plastic wastes.
Conclusion
The research conducted regarding plastic waste disposal ideally reflects on the present situation associated with the generation of plastic waste products in Australia. It also focuses on identifying the different techniques or processes concerning disposal of plastic wastes in the region with also documenting the impacts of generation and dumping of plastic wastes on the natural environment and the aquatic life. It is observed that the incidence of generation of plastic wastes affects both the quality and quantity of marine life amounting to large number of deaths of birds and animals. Further, research is also conducted on the process of reducing the impacts of plastic wastes on the natural environment and aquatic life.
References
Blue Environment Pty. Ltd. , 2016. Australian National Waste Report 2016. Ausstralia: Randell Environment Conulting.
Hadi, P. et al., 2015. Waste printed circuit board recycling techniques and product utilisation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283, pp.234-43.
Moss, L., 2015. 16 simple ways to reduce plastic waste. [Online] Available at: https://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/responsible-living/stories/16-simple-ways-reduce-plastic-waste [Accessed 22 September 2017].
Ocean Crusaders , 2016. Plastic Statistics. [Online] Available at: https://oceancrusaders.org/plastic-crusades/plastic-statistics/ [Accessed 22 September 2017].
Pigram, S., 2017. Microplastic pollution of seafloor widespread along Australia’s south-east coast, study finds. [Online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-14/plastic-waste-on-east-coast-seafloor-mapped/8706302 [Accessed 22 September 2017].
Suez, 2017. Plastic Recycling. [Online] Available at: https://www.sita.com.au/commercial-solutions/resource-recovery-recycling/plastic-polystyrene/ [Accessed 22 September 2017].
Waste Management Review , 2017. Two companies working to tackle plastic waste in Australia. [Online] Available at: https://wastemanagementreview.com.au/three-companies-working-tackle-plastic-waste-australia/ [Accessed 22 September 2017].
Wu, G., Li, J. & Xu, Z., 2013. Triboelectrostatic separation for granular plastic waste recycling: A review. Waste Management , 33, pp.585-97.
Yong, S.L., Ngadi, N., Abdullah, T.A.T. & Inuwa, I.M., 2015. Current state and future prospects of plastic waste as source of fuel: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, pp.1167-80.
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