What Artificial Intelligence Is And Its Impact On The Society?
Researchers have always been fascinated by the thought of creating a machine that could mimic human thoughts and do things just like a human which resulted in the creation of artificial intelligence.
Scope
The scope of this report is to understand what Artificial Intelligence is and its impact on the society.
Method
This report will define artificial intelligence and explain its nature. This report will analyse different types of artificial intelligence and evaluate its positive and negative impact on society by evaluating how it has improved and threatened the society. Further, a conclusion will be drawn after analysing different literatures on the topic and recommendations will be given for effective use of artificial intelligence.
According to Russell and Norvig (2016), the artificial intelligence or AI is referred to the theory and development of computer programs which can perform actions or tasks which require human intelligence such as speech recognition, translation between languages, visual perception and decision making. AI is a branch of computer science, and it focuses on creating intelligent machines. The research associated with AI is highly specialised and technical. One of the critical parts of AI is knowledge engineering which provides that machines can act like humans if they have abundant information regarding the world. Machine learning is a core part of AI, and it enables AI devices and robots to learn without any human supervision and learn and identify new patterns. Although the concept of artificial intelligence is generations old, however, the term was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956 (Pannu, 2015). Since then the AI has evolved substantially, and a number of AI devices and robots has introduced by companies in the market. In 2016, Google’s DeepMind’s AlphaGo AI defeated Go champion Lee Sedol (Moyer, 2016). In 2017, Saudi Arabia gives citizenship to world’s first AI robot named Sophia (Hatmaker, 2017). There are major milestones in AI history, and these examples show that AI technology is growing rapidly along with its impact on the society. However, there are many ethical and moral issues relating to AI as well since in wrong hands it has the ability to wipe out the entire human race.
Intelligence is referred to mental capability which enables a human being to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience (Thurstone, 2013). The classification of intelligence divides it into three main categories which include concrete, abstract and social intelligence. The concrete intelligence is referred to the ability of an individual to comprehend a specific situation and react accordingly. The abstract intelligence is referred to the ability of a person to respond to words, symbols and numbers. The social intelligence is the ability of human beings to react to social situations occurring in day-to-day life (Sternberg, 2014). In other words, intelligence is the thinking skills, ability to change and learning the ability of an individual. The key role of intelligence is to adapt as per changing environment. Similarly, AI is adaptive rather than analytical. The nature of AI is similar a human intelligence which is to adapt as per the environment (Ghahramani, 2015). AI is constantly learning based on experiences by using machine learning which assists it in performing complex tasks such as decision making, speech recognition, visual perception and translation between languages. Experts argue that creation of AI is ethically or morally wrong since only God has the power to create consciousness. Ethical issues relating to AI include increased unemployment, unequal distribution of wealth, artificial stupidity, threat for humanity and other security issues.
With the advancement in computer technology, such as machine learning, natural language processing, computation creativity, genetic algorithms and neural networks, artificial intelligence has evolved as well. Following are different types of AI.
|
Types of AI |
|
|
Reactive Machine |
· First Stage of AI (Sulaiman et al., 2012) · Did not store memory |
|
Limited Memory Machine |
· Add details to action based on previous memory (Hintze, 2016) |
|
Theory of Mind |
· Has the capacity to understand human emotion (Bargin, 2017) |
|
Self-Awareness Machine |
· Form representation of itself · Extension of the theory of mind machines · They are conscious and aware of the environment (Hintze, 2016) |
Table 1: Types of AI
(Source: Hintze, 2016)
Sulaiman et al. (2012) provided that these machines react depending upon a specific situation and they didn’t store memories or have past experience. It is the most basic form of AI. It perceives environment directly and acts on the basis of what it sees. It is great for playing games because it can recognise the best moves on the spot. Examples include IBM’s Deep Blue and Google’s AlphaGo.
Hintze (2016) provided that the second type of AI are able to consider and analyses the previous information and adds these details to its preprogrammed representations of the environment. It has enough memory or experience to make appropriate decisions and execute appropriate actions. However, its memory is short term, and it cannot store information for longer period of time. Examples include self-driving vehicles such as Tesla Model 3 and Chabot and personal digital assistants such as Google Now and Siri.
These machines are more intelligent, and they have the capacity to understand thoughts and emotions which affects human behaviour. Bargain (2017) stated that this type of AI can comprehend motives, intentions, expectation, and feelings and it can interact socially. These machines are yet to be built, but they will be the next class of intelligent machines. Examples include c-3PO and R2-D2 characters from Star Wars Universe.
According to Hintze (2016), these types of AI can form representations about themselves. These machines are an extension of the theory of mid and they are aware regarding their internal states, they can make inferences and abstractions, and they can predict feelings of others. These machines are “conscious”, and they are future generations of sentient, conscious and super intelligence. Examples include Eva from the 2015 movie Ex Machina.
Following are different ways in which AI can improve the society.
Following are different ways in which AI can threaten the society.
Conclusion and Recommendations
In conclusion, with the advancement in technology, the popularity of AI is growing as well. Researchers are working on creating new AI machines which are highly smart and are able to perform complex tasks which require human intelligence. There are a number of advantages of AI such as improved healthcare, cybersecurity, farming and effective automation systems. However, there are many disadvantages of AI as well such as the risk of AI war, AI weapons, and unsuitable for the ecosystem. Although there are many risks associated with AI, researchers will continue to invest in AI development. AI is the future, and it will change the traditional process entirely. However, following recommendations can assist in reducing the negative impact of AI on the society.
Bargin, R., 2017. Understanding Different Types of Artificial Intelligence Technology. [Online] Available at: https://www.zeolearn.com/magazine/understanding-different-types-of-artificial-intelligence-technology [Accessed 21 April 2018].
Dilek, S., Çak?r, H. and Ayd?n, M., 2015. Applications of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Combating Cyber Crimes: A Review. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), 6(1), pp.21-34.
Ghahramani, Z., 2015. Probabilistic machine learning and artificial intelligence. Nature, 521(7553), p.452.
Hamet, P. and Tremblay, , 2017. Artificial intelligence in medicine. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental, 69, pp.36-40.
Hatmaker, T., 2017. Saudi Arabia bestows citizenship on a robot named Sophia. [Online] Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/26/saudi-arabia-robot-citizen-sophia/ [Accessed 21 April 2018].
Hintze, A., 2016. Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. [Online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616 [Accessed 21 April 2018].
Hintze, A., 2016. Understanding the Four Types of Artificial Intelligence. [Online] Available at: https://www.govtech.com/computing/Understanding-the-Four-Types-of-Artificial-Intelligence.html [Accessed 21 April 2018].
Kopytoff, V., 2018. Video of Fatal Self-Driving Car Accident Shows Pedestrian’s Final Moments. [Online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2018/03/21/video-fatal-self-driving-car-accident/ [Accessed 21 April 2018].
Kowert, W., 2017. The Foreseeability of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interactions. Tex. L. Rev., 96, p.181.
Moyer, C., 2016. How Google’s AlphaGo Beat a Go World Champion. [Online] Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/03/the-invisible-opponent/475611/ [Accessed 21 April 2018].
Pannu, A., 2015. Artificial intelligence and its application in different areas. Artificial Intelligence, 4(10).
Richardson, J., 2017. Three Ways Artificial Intelligence is Good for Society. [Online] Available at: https://iq.intel.com/artificial-intelligence-is-good-for-society/ [Accessed 21 April 2018].
Russell, S. and Norvig, P., 2016. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Sternberg, R.J., 2014. Teaching about the nature of intelligence. Intelligence, 42, pp.176-79.
Sulaiman, M.H., Mustafa, M.W., Shareef, H. and Khalid, S., 2012. An application of artificial bee colony algorithm with least squares support vector machine for real and reactive power tracing in deregulated power system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 37(1), pp.67-77.
Thurstone, L., 2013. The nature of intelligence. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
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