Ergonomics is the science concerned with fitting the people with their work. It places people first, taking into account their limitations and capability. Ergonomics was derived from the Greek word: ergon and nomos. Ergon stands for work, and nomos stands for natural rules. Science deals with understanding the natural limitations of human labor in all working environments. Ergonomics draws on the many disciplines in the workplace to optimize the worker and the environment he works in (Afshar et al., 2019). The sentences are mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, anthropometry, psychology, and physiology. Ensuring people are safe and interaction between the made environment and the people working within. The goal is to arrange the space, tools, and systems in a workplace to make the user experience the best and safest, natural, and best possible.
Figure 1. Ergonomics (Source: Vadulina, 2020).
While employers are cautious about making sure they provide a comfortable environment for all their employees. Ergonomics is not all about the comfortability of the employee, it links injury prevention and the safety of the employees in the workplace. When conducting some work, injuries can be hard to evade, especially when using tools and equipment that are not well maintained. Eventually, they cause severe injuries to the body. Ergonomics is a natural rule that makes sure the hazards are minor and the tools used for work are safe for the employer and the employee (Caputo et al., 2019). As much as the employee might be injured because of the hazard, the employer also suffers some loss, including paying medical bills and compensation if the tool was not in good condition and the fault remains his. Poorly managed tools and equipment may require employees to perform awkward movements or injure their bodies to get a task done. Repeating the same task daily using the same equipment may lead to excess fatigue, and the employee will be injured.
High technology has made our lives more efficient and very interesting in some sense. Before the improvement in technology, the employees could work for long hours, which was very tiresome because the work was done manually. This has also created an environment where employers were careful in checking every machine at all times. High technology has brought in overly commercial expectations, neglecting the risk involved, which is very risky and can cause serious effects to the suppliers, manufacturers, and service commercial. Therefore, ergonomics with the high technology present can be more critical with the current technology than in the nineteenth century when ergonomics was first introduced. The main aim of Ergonomics in the workplace is to;
Many problems and issues are related to the workplace:
These are the factors that affect the level and determine the employee’s performance in a given task and the production output. Despite the high technology present in the current century, all these problems cannot be eliminated (Chen et al., 2020). They will slowly do away with the risk, and the chances are always in place depending on the area’s accuracy and maintenance. How someone does the work is very different from how the other person does the job. Two people cannot do the work in the same way simply because of the difference in innate responses and capabilities to work systems and the environment the individual pieces in. the primary concern of ergonomics is designing the workplace as a system to achieve the best possible results from the human continuously and consistently in various field of job like biomechanics, and engineering systems designs which are needed to.
Therefore, in case of any problem in the workplace, ergonomics can provide solutions for the problem related to the task. After solving the solutions and the alternatives leads to safe working methods. Improved health with less risk, maintenance, and design of a more comfortable environment increases productivity and productivity.
Ergonomics was created due to the operational problems experienced by work systems that have evolved with the advancement in technology. Two major approaches are used in this concept, fit the man to the job and fit the job to the man. These methods are suggested to progress work systems’ productivity, economy, and job satisfaction. According to results, the job to the man has been recognized as the most suitable and can be done for any task. On rare occasions is (FMJ) used because this approach cannot be changed. (FJM) have several improvements like providing protective clothing and a better work-rest schedule.
This approach is defined as the blend between the individual and the job to be performed. The compatibility between persons and the job or tasks they undertake at work is referred to as person-job (FMJ) fit. Workers’ needs and job supplies available to satisfy those needs, as well as job demands and employee skills to meet those requirements, are all factors in this explanation. PJ fit has been used to characterize fit with jobs or vocations in the past, but it has recently been separated from this larger type of fit. The research on PJ fit is divided into two categories. The first is the match between an employee’s requirements or desires and the resources provided by worker. It is the most extensively studied kind of (FMJ) fit, often known as the needs-supplies or supplies-values fit. Much of this research is based on Lyman Porter’s need satisfaction questionnaire or related measures, which ask respondents to describe how much of a given feature their current employment offers and how much of that characteristic is wanted, which is ideal.
The second way of thinking about PJ fit is to look at it from the organization’s perspective rather than the individual. Demands-abilities When someone has the abilities that include skills, knowledge, time, and energy to match employment needs, they are said to be “fit.” Stress and hostile affective outcomes are probable when environmental expectations surpass personal proficiencies. The four processes outlined above, carryover, conservation, depletion, and interference, may also apply when individual capacities are more than environmental demands. Traditional selection procedures that strive to locate suitable individuals to fill job vacancies are based on the concept of demands-abilities fit.
This study looked at the effects of empowering leadership on employee work engagement using the person-environment fit hypothesis. We also looked into the person-job fit, and person-group fit mediating mechanisms. In addition, we looked into the role of proactive employee personality in mediating the relationship between empowering leadership and the two types of fit mentioned above and the set of indirect impacts. Although there are conceptual variations between different types of fit and empirical studies have shown that they each have a favorable effect on employee behavior, few studies look at their combined influence. For this research, we picked one task-related fit perception, person-job fit, and one relational-related perception, person-group fit. Person-group fit is the essential type of relational fit that can predict employee performance, especially in the team environment, among the other types of relational fit. Specifically, this study looks at two types of fit from two different perspectives: fit the job to the man, from a task perspective, and person-group fit from a relationship perspective, to see how they influence leadership and work. Direct and indirect measures of alleged fit have higher contacts with criteria than real or objective fit measurements. This is in link with French and colleagues’ belief that the subjective-environmental fit is more proximate to results than the objective-environmental fit.
Since the early 1960s, there has been a lot of interest in PJ fit research. Much of the early PJ fit research was linked with person-vocation fit research and undertaken under the banner of need fulfillment or need satisfaction. Recently, there has been a movement to differentiate PJ fit from other types of fit and emphasize areas of both fit and misfit as predictors of affective, behavioral, and physiological consequences. These methods were presented as an alternative to the commonly used algebraic difference scores or direct measures of the gap between desired and actual job qualities.
Conclusion
These approaches will help people fit people to their work or fit them in a group where they will become familiar with the environment, when people are fit in their environment, they eventually risk getting injuries. Working with people might be hard but fitting the individuals in the workplace is important to avoid individuals.
History of Ergonomics
The concept of Ergonomics has applied long ago during ancient times, so apparently, ergonomics is not something new in the workplace. During ancient times, individuals designed tools to fit the task and the device’s person. Efforts of creating the human-centered concept design to the means was to allocate man the exciting jobs and the jobs that are repetitive to the machines. Ergonomics was introduced in the United Kingdom after world war II. The main focus at then was on equipment and workplace design. The research of ergonomics in Britain was established in 1950. In significant parts of Europe, the ergonomics department is well established and undertaking an active interest with the labor unions.
Figure 2. Diagram demonstrating the history of ergonomics (Source: Chen, 2020).
How ergonomic can reduce human error
Understanding errors and knowing how they happen and the different factors that worsen the errors will help develop effective control measures. Therefore, human error is defined as an action or decision which was never intended. Many types of errors may qualify to be called human errors.
Some errors are slip. Action that was not intended occurs during the task that is familiar, like reading the wrong gauge and forgetting to carry out certain procedures in a task. This error cannot be eliminated by training or improving the designs and labeling ways to reduce the likelihood of forgetting the procedure or reading the wrong gauge.
Violations. This is where an individual is fully aware of the procedures and guidelines to perform specific tasks but chooses to do the task under a different method, either to complete the job earlier or negligence (Ding et al., 2019). Most of these errors occur due to a lack of training and using poorly managed tools. Unworkable guidelines and rules and incomplete training about certain rules can lead to rising violations.
Mistakes. The intended actions are wrong, where the worker does something false, believing it is the right thing to do. Mostly the individual is not knowledgeable enough to carry out the task. Reasons may be that the study is new and unexpected, and the right way of doing it is unknown. Training is less. In this case, the worker is not familiar with such a task and can be reduced by proper training of individuals on specific tasks.
Everyone can make an error or mistake depending on the level of knowledge about that particular task. In a workplace, errors and mistakes can be very severe and can cause a lot of losses, and injuries can be painful. According to experts, human errors cause the majority of accidents. Ergonomic interventions, however, can reduce the cases of mistakes in the workplace. The giant huddle is coming up with error-tolerant systems that can prevent errors. Ergonomic interventions involve improving the relationship between the people and their environment; therefore, ergonomic intervention in reducing human errors is vital.
An example of an environment with many errors is when handling materials. The labor involved in a material handling industry can be very tiresome; when workers are tired, errors are most likely to occur, same as mistakes that can cause serious injuries. Ergonomic intervention may help solve some of these issues that may lead to errors in the material handling industry.
Ergonomic improvements can be grouped into two, administrative and engineering. Engineering improvements include replacing tools and equipment, redesigning, and modification. Administrative improvements include replacing tasks from heavy to easy tasks, rotating workers from one job to familiarize themselves with everything, avoiding repetitive tasks, and adjusting the schedule and time for the work. Ergonomics is very effective in making a workplace comfortable. Both engineering and administrative improvement is very crucial in making sure human errors are reduced to a few cases of mistakes and errors. When the methods stated above are implemented, for example, eliminating moving goods from one place to another will reduce human error, labeling problems on the material, and mishandling of some materials due to confusion.
Ergonomics application is essential for both employer and employee. On the employer’s part, the employer can save money and time because of the time used to treat injuries. On the other hand, the employees will be able to be productive and have the ability to do more jobs effectively under a conducive environment and safe environment (Lee et al., 2018). Training employees is also important to avoid the errors and mistakes that can be caused by employees with less knowledge on how to handle the machines that may cause serious accidents. Human errors can be managed by adopting and improving various administrative and engineering aspects in a workplace. Human errors are easy to do away with because human beings can learn new skills that may help them to get more knowledge to overcome such mistakes, therefore educating and training staff on the safety guidelines in the workplace and making sure they are refreshed about the rules regularly for employees to avoid mistakes and errors that can be learned with time.
Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is an engineering technique that protects individuals in the workplace from harmful particles. It is vital to have a well-designed and properly implemented system and appropriately used and maintained. Everyone who participated, from the designer to the audience, End-users must work together to deliver a successful system. Employers must engage with designers, suppliers, and employees to achieve effective management, minimize costly mistakes, and successfully regulate exposure. Suppliers must deliver an appropriate LEV for its intended use, proven to work and is still working. Controls must be in place, and the employer is responsible for ensuring that they are. Both suppliers and users must follow the LEV. When personnel are exposed to occupational dangers such as specks of dust, gases, and vapors, adverse health impacts might ensue. The problem of exposure to a hazard are dependent on the frequency, length, and level of exposure: certain compounds, such as carbon monoxide poisoning, have acute health impacts; others have a long latency time. Each place of employment must analyze the risk of exposure to any chemical or biological agent.
Elements of LEV
When utilizing LEV to control exposure, the supervisor must conduct a thorough assessment of the dangers to be addressed and ensure that the following criteria are met: The LEV system is functional; it is being used appropriately by trained staff; it is being maintained on a regular basis to ensure its effectiveness, and documents are being preserved to indicate that the system is both functional and continuous. It is critical to grasp the hazards that must be handled to ensure that the original design can deliver the desired results.
Before installing LEV, the following should be considered
Risk assessment
An employee’s risk assessment comprises anticipating, recognizing, analyzing, and controlling the threats they may be exposed to. The Authority gives instructions on how to conduct an evaluation. After the employer has done a risk assessment, evaluated the risks, and identified potential hazards, control techniques must be explored. There may be flammability, reactivity, and physical hazards, such as extreme heat, in addition to health problems.
When it comes to control, a normal hierarchical method is used. Is it possible to alter the method to remove the hazardous chemical agent or replace it with a less harmful one? Is it possible to alter the method to lessen the danger of exposure? Is it possible, for example, to reduce the process temperature to reduce vapor release? Is it necessary to use engineering controls? Can hazardous chemical agent emissions be contained or captured using structures such as hoods, booths, enclosures, or local exhaust ventilation? Employee exposure is reduced through administrative controls such as schedule and rotation. The usage of personal protective equipment is the final control in the hierarchy. Finding proper contractors to install the system
Finding the best people suitable for installing the system to avoid mismanagement of several aspects like the system not being installed in the right manner will come up with complications when using the system. The system’s main objective is to make sure it removes the contaminants at all costs without harming the worker.
All the workers in that organization or factory should understand the manual of the system. They are using the system and how starts it or close the system. The basic knowledge will help the organization come up with several ideas and ways of improving it. If the employees cannot use it and one person left in charge of the system one-day problem might occur, and the person responsible might not be present.
Manage the system and observe the performance regularly.
For effective use, the system should be managed in the right ways and make sure the performance is recorded daily to measure the amount of contaminant or the cleared flow of air.
Spray booth options are numerous. You must select the appropriate downdraft airflow design, cross draft, semi downdraft, or modified downdraft. Many engineers consider several key performance ideas to determine the best airflow option for your processes.
Booth sizing optimization
Increasing the flow of production
Increasing the spray value and quality
ensuring regulatory agreement lowering booth operational costs
There are several types of spray booths
Cross draft Spray Booth: Are designed to handle a diversity of parts and dimensions. The way air travels through the booth are referred to as cross draft. In this case, straight along the “cross-section” of the booth. The air flows horizontally from the anterior of the booth to the booth’s rear exhaust chamber (occasionally through filters). Air flows consistently over the coated area when it enters the exhaust filter chamber horizontally (which combines the exhaust filters). As a result, any paint overspray is filtered out as air travels through the filters. The exhaust fan draws the filtered air through the exhaust filters and exhaust duct system as it is released into the surrounding.
Down-draft Spray Booth: Are capable of handling a varied diversity of parts and sizes. The down-draft refers to the direction of airflow in the booth. In this situation, from the booth’s ceiling to its surface in a downward movement. The supply air penetrates the top supply plenum, which comprises ceiling filters, and then flows over the part on its way to the booth surface. Overspray is channeled to a grating above a pit in the surface, then to exhaust filters underneath the grating. Filters eliminate overspray from the air stream as it is drawn through the exhaust fan and ductwork system, allowing it to be released into the atmosphere.
Determine and evaluate: Determine which tasks will require the use of isocyanate-containing products. Consider:
consider who you have on your team. Isocyanate-containing products are used by who? Is there anyone else whose work you’re doing might have an impact? This includes members of the general public.
What is the product you use? Isocyanates can be found in polyurethane paints, coatings, foams, glues, and flooring, among other things. Isocyanates are also available in a variety of forms; for example, TDI is more harmful due to its higher volatility. Examine the box and the safety data sheet for any potential hazards. Is there anything else in the product that could be hazardous, such as solvents
I am. This is dependent on what you do and how you do it.
Prevent: Consider eliminating or reducing isocyanate risks wherever possible. Consider:
Utilizing isocyanate-free or less volatile forms of products
Spraying that is not necessary. This results in more isocyanate entering the air when compared to using a brush or roller—identifying anyone who has developed an allergy to isocyanates. Keep them away from the workplace.
ii)
Supervise: Make sure that controls, including work procedures, personal protective equipment, and welfare, are in place and that workers are using them.
Monitor: If there is a reasonable chance of getting dermatitis from your job, you may need to conduct health surveillance. A skilled person” could do it. This could be an employee who has received appropriate training.
Assess a new employee’s skin condition before, or as soon as feasible after, they start work, and then monitor for early symptoms of skin illness regularly after that, keeping secure health records of these tests and alerting the employer of the results and any action required.
Control: Even if you decrease some of the hazards in this way, isocyanate risks may still need to be managed. Control this by putting the measures indicated below into action.:
Ascertain that there is sufficient fresh air in the work area. For example, open all doors and windows. The higher the risk, the healthier the ventilation.
When undertaking work where splashes or aerosols may enter the eyes, use eye protection such as an eye shield or googles.
Gloves — gloves should be suitable for the goods you’re using; single-use disposable gloves made of suitable materials are preferred. Make sure the breakthrough time and permeation rate are tolerable for the work’s type and duration. Consult the manufacturer or supplier for more information.
Overalls – disposable overalls are recommended. Before reuse reusable overalls that have been significantly polluted, wash them thoroughly.
Washing – there must be proper washing facilities. Any product that has remained on the skin should be removed as quickly as possible. Solvents should not be used for this job. During breaks, workers should be urged to wash their exposed skin. Skin care products can assist replenish the natural oils that keep the skin’s protective barrier working after they’ve finished.
Noise-induced hearing loss is an impairment that occurs from very loud sound exposure. A hearing may worsen more and more when the victim is repeatedly exposed to the loud sound or suddenly from the loud sound to impulse noise, a gunshot sound. When an individual is exposed to both sounds, the very delicate hearing cells are overstimulated so that it may lead to the death of the hearing cells or a permanent injury. Hearing cannot be restored after the end of the hearing cells or the permanent injury in a human being, and the individual is pronounced deaf. Furthermore, the incident can be prevented or reduced by reducing the source’s sound volume and ensuring the workers or individuals are protected from exposure to high sounds. Millions of workers all over the globe are exposed to high noise and are at risk of hearing impairment. Occupational hearing impairment, for example, among the miners, is very high due to the loud sound they are exposed to at all times during their working areas. The main categories of people at risk of getting the problem of hearing loss are the miners and construction employees who are exposed to noise from machines at the company.
Noise-induced hearing loss can happen at any age, including in children. It does not select who to affect as long as you are exposed to a high-volume sound impulse, then you might be affected by noise-induced hearing loss. According to research, many people, especially people under the age of 40, are likely to be affected by noise-induced hearing loss. Many musicians, mostly musicians exposed to the high sound volume daily, are more likely to experience noise-induced hearing (Lin et al., 2020). A higher percentage of people who reported NIHL had the problem in one ear, as another estimate of 17% were estimated to have reported hearing loss in one ear. A one-time exposure to loud sounds can cause Noise-induced hearing loss, and it must not be a longer period of exposure to a sound; being exposed to the sound once is enough for someone to be affected by the noise-induced hearing loss. Imagine a scenario where someone has just pulled a trigger near your heart. The sound itself is so intense although it only lasts for seconds, it can cause serious damage to the cell or may cause terminal damage to the ear. Recreational activities can place some at risk of being affected by NIHL; activities like shooting, hunting, and loud music hearing put someone at high risk.
Figure 3. Typical diagram showing a noise-induced hearing loss (Source: Mirza, 2018).
Sound is measured in units known as decibels. Sounds below 70A- or at that point cannot affect or cause damage to the hearing that much, even for a longer period near the source of the high sound. The sound at medium decibels takes longer for noise-induced hearing loss to happen. The louder the voice, the shorter the time. Therefore, when someone is around the loud sound for long, he is NIHL is likely to happen within the shortest time possible, and the lower the sound, the longer it takes for the NIHL to happen. The distance between the source and the loudness of the sound is a matter to consider as well. Nearness to the source causes a lot of damage compared to the people far from the sound source.
The sound waves pass through the ear’s outer part and through the ear canal, which leads to the eardrum. This is the first step when listening or a louder sound is near your ear. The ear canal is a narrow pass way that transmits the sound to the inner ear from the environs. The ear does not select what enters the ear, so all sounds that pass through are assimilated and enter the ear to the middle ear directly without filtering if the sound is loud or not. This alone endangers the people, for example, people who work at e construction sites and the places with very loud music, yet they lack the protective gear.
The eardrum vibrates caused by the loud incoming voice and sends the vibration to the middle ear through the tiny bones which are three in number (Saidi et al., 2020). The bones are the malleus, stapes, and the incus. The vibration caused by the loud voice is now transferred to the inner ear through the three bones where the loudness is very.
The three bones in the middle of the ear ensure that sound vibrations are coupled and converted from air to fluid beat in the inner ear. In the inner ear, called the cochlea, an elastic barrier stretches to the end of the inner ear. The basilar membrane is the elastic divider.
The fluid ripples as a result of the vibrations inside the inner ear, and waveforms in the basilar. After then, the hair cells ride the wave.
Some projections that resemble microscopic hair bump against the framework and bend as the hair cell moves up and down. When the projections bend, they generate channels that act like pores, allowing the stereocilia tips to open. The chemicals rush to the cells, causing an electric signal to be formed.
The auditory nerve carries the electric signal that has been formed to the brain to translate the sound and lead to understanding and recognition.
Many people work in places where the noise is a hazard to everyone. However, the noise can be regulated or reduced to reduce the noise produced in a company or industry. There are several methods by which noise can be regulated and reduced. A company can choose methods from the few methods in which voice can be reduced in a company (Vandulina et al., 2020). The company can use methods either by the modern technology or modified ways in which they can use to. Sound is very hazardous because of the effects it has on the people affected, and the damage is very serious compared to other parts of the body. Deafness is very dangerous, more so in adults, because learning sign language is not easy, especially at an advanced age. The methods to be selected for use must be very simple to use and avoid the complexity in usage. The idea of controlling sound is essential to keep the people in the company safe and avoid any damage among the employees.
Lowering the volume, when dealing with machines that sounds can be reduced or adjusted to fit the surrounding environment example in a music concert where the sound can be adjusted to a comfortable volume where the people will be comfortable, the noise should be lower to lower the time and the damage expected by the sound produced. Adjusting noise can be done by reducing the sound produced in a place. Companies with large machinery should find ways to insert the machines with sound absorbers that will absorb the loud sound without damaging the people around the area. Machines can be very noisy, especially companies that run several functions like mining and large companies with large machines. The hierarchy of control in controlling noise are Engineering control, administrative controls methods, and personal protective equipment control methods.
To eliminate the escape the hazardous noise at the source. Eliminating these sounds can be very simple and efficient as it deals with either installing and innovating ways of making sure the noise produced in a certain area of the company cannot be loud to the level of damaging the workers in that particular area. The mi areas of control are at the source. Controlling the sound or the volume of the sound, though sounds in some cases cannot be reduced by adjustment. Like that of metal hitting each other. That one cannot be adjusted, but mechanisms that can control
In engineering, there are four principles
Noise Control at the source
Involves controlling of sound at the source of the sound; if it is radio, the speakers are the source of sound in radio. This is an effective way of controlling sound.
Noise Control at the transmission path
This is noise controlled during transmission of the sound, and this happens after the sound is outside the source and the main control is by using protective clothing like the earplugs.
Noise controls the receiver.
The common receiver is the human ear, and this controls the sound before it enters the human ear, which will help control the noise pollution that can cause damage to the human ear.
To control exposure by changing the worker” s schedule. It is important to change the schedule of workers. Some workers work in hazardous areas. They should not be left in that particular area for a longer time. It will place them in a risky position that can damage and cause many injuries to the employee working there on a daily basis (Ding et al., 2019). To avoid some employees staying in certain workplaces that are noisy compared to others and this can be very dangerous. So as an administrator or the employer, you should be able to change the schedule and the places of work regularly to avoid the case of other workers being put in positions that can be riskier than the others who are in positions that are better off and has less risk.
This is a control that controls the exposure with barriers at work. Wearing protective gear, like masks and earplugs, these protective gears are very important, and this should be a must for all the workers working in a very hazardous place. Protective gear that protects the worker from noise-induced hearing loss and other hearing cases can be controlled using the protective gear that covers the ear. The loud sound, as we understand it causes several damages it causes to the life and the health of the people exposed.
References
Afshar, M., Bahrami, A., & Hamedian, N. (2019). Relationship between knowledge of ergonomics and workplace condition with musculoskeletal disorders among nurses. International Archives of Health Sciences, 6(3), 121-126.
Caputo, F., Greco, A., Fera, M., & Macchiaroli, R. (2019). Digital twins to enhance the integration of ergonomics in the workplace design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 71, 20-31.
Chen, K. H., Su, S. B., & Chen, K. T. (2020). An overview of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and preventive measures. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 25(1), 1-10.
Chim, J. M. (2018, August). 6Ws in ergonomics workplace design. In Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 1282-1286). Springer, Cham.
Ding, T., Yan, A., & Liu, K. (2019). What is noise-induced hearing loss?. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 80(9), 525-529.
Jadhav, G. S., Arunachalam, M., & Salve, U. R. (2020). Ergonomics and efficient workplace design for hand-sewn footwear artisans in Kolhapur, India. Work, 66(4), 849-860.
Lee, T., Soo, J. C., LeBouf, R. F., Burns, D., Schwegler-Berry, D., Kashon, M., … & Harper, M. (2018). Surgical smoke control with local exhaust ventilation: Experimental study. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene, 15(4), 341-350.
Lin, T., Zargar, O. A., Juiña, O., Lee, T. C., Sabusap, D. L., Hu, S. C., & Leggett, G. (2020). Performance of different front-opening unified pod (FOUP) moisture removal techniques with local exhaust ventilation system. IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, 33(2), 310-315.
Mirza, R., Kirchner, D. B., Dobie, R. A., Crawford, J., & ACOEM Task Force on Occupational Hearing Loss. (2018). Occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 60(9), e498-e501.
Saidi, M. N., Djebara, A., Songmene, V., & Bahloul, A. (2020). Experimental evaluation of three local exhaust ventilation systems designed to reduce Ultrafine dust emission during a polishing process. Aerosol Science and Engineering, 4(1), 9-17.
Sinnige, J. S., Kooij, F. O., van Schuppen, H., Hollmann, M. W., & Weiland, N. H. S. (2021). Protection of healthcare workers during aerosol-generating procedures with local exhaust ventilation. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia.
Vadulina, N. V., Abdrahmanov, N. K., Fedosov, A. V., Savicheva, Y. N., & Khlopina, I. D. (2020, May). Ergonomics of the workplace in the lean production system. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 862, No. 4, p. 042040). IOP Publishing.
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