Question:
Discuss About The Nursing Process Hospital Information System?
The objective of this research is to identify and understand the information systems and in particular, the hospital management information system. The focus of this research is not only to learn and understand the concepts of information management system but to facilitate understanding on ho such concepts can be applied to the real environment, that is, how information systems can be used and utilized in the businesses, hospitals, industries and governments. This content focuses on putting information systems in the ambience of business so that people can get and understand these concepts more readily. The research will describe how information systems form the backbone for hospital operations and the various types of systems implemented in the hospitals.
An information system is a coordinated set of elements for collating, storing, processing data and displaying output in form of knowledge, digital products and information. Companies, businesses, governments and other industrial sectors utilize information system to manage and run their daily operations, connect with clients, and distributors and to gain competitive advantage in the market environment.
Organizations make use of information systems in operation and managing supply chains and digital markets. For example, business firms used information system to deal with management of human resource, financial accounts and to and to extend their services to their clients. Several big companies across the globe are developed and maintained on by information systems. Examples of such companies include Amazon, eBay, Alibaba and Google. (Oz, 2009)
Information systems are now being utilized by governments to offer services to its citizens at cost effective prices. People also are not left out, they utilize information systems at personal levels to socialize, study, watch movies, play games, and much more services offered over the internet y these systems. (Cater-Steel& Al-Hakim, 2009)
Over the years, hospital management system has been slowly taking over the manual paperwork. It has developed to become a necessary part in the health sector and is connected to the health information services that mainly focuses on the directive responsibilities of nursing homes and hospitals.
A digitized health information system constitutes of series of levels, that is, input, processing and output. The computer accepts data, processes it and produces desired results; there are predetermined limits that influences the result.
The technique of processing data entails keeping track apart from memory functionality. The digital hospital information system is affiliated with a vast variety of elements for example, the medical personnel, the mortuary and the hospital organizations are part of the hospital system. The input data, processing functionalities, and output information varies depending on the intention of the system and is normally felt that some specific system components can be dependent of input elements that will finally affect processing and output. Let us discuss the types of health information systems the current healthcare industries are using and different perspectives of these systems. (Winter & Haux, 2011).
In today’s generation, hospital roles have switched from clinical and medical assistance to healthcare with the responsibility of the individuals who desire it. Nowadays hospitals are necessitated to operate like business enterprises with the objectives to provide high quality health care services. Services now range from preventive care, care, post clinical attention, medical guidance to advising patients.
Hospitals can attend to people who are not sick and thus we call them clients and not patients. Therefore, a client profile can be added apart from patients’, clients relative, doctor, medicine supplier, para medical worker among others.
Hospital management has to offer distinct services to a bigger range of clients whose service needs are different and have different level of satisfaction. Caring quality and care level can be discriminated by clients easily between medical and personal treatment. The aim of the client is the final outcome and management evaluation on the processes of service quality. the service provider in hospitals as compared to any other service industry hand have hog demands with little knowledge on what to expect. Hospitals’ management of risks is very castigating and certainly not rewarding. (Koumpis, 2012)
Hospital management has evolved from art-science and to technology just as any other enterprise. Todays, across the world, hospitals have put in to practice the use of software and hardware in providing medical care. Medical practitioners are able to make decisions based on the result gotten from the information systems such as, knowledge base of the case history, X-rays and scanning. Therefore, medical professional has been aided extremely by this equipment and systems to decrease tedious work of health care and focus on diagnosis, prescriptions and treatment. Infrastructure management is a crucial management responsibility which will help to offer quality services to clients.
Critical hospital aspects such as X-ray labs, theater, and so on should be handled and utilized efficiently and effectively by outlining its functions and regulated by qualified medical staff. Emergency handling extremely crucial in hospitals than any other industry offering service functions and therefore, disadvantageous to the unique service.
Subject and Task -based Information Systems: this system is associated with any other hospital organization. Compare task and subject base systems, subject base work better this is because it decreases the likelihood of data redundancy. For task based IS similar element goes through different operations, for example, addresses and name is collated every time while in subject based such details are only captured once and directed to separate tasks. Example of such an information system include Electronic health/patient record (EHR/EPR).
Operational Health Information Systems: this IS enables evaluation of a hospital based on the distribution of computerization of information systems. It allows identification of unsuitable or improper system developments. This can be achieved taking into account the reliance of stratified data that the information system management requires to augment the operational system. One has to put in mind the reliance to determine the specific system limitations.
Clinical and Administrative Health Information Systems: this is another module of hospital management system. Practically, however, it is not possible to design and come up with this type of IS that is not reliant on the several categories or groups of administrative data. Nearly every hospital now has a patient information system that gives information in report and statistical format to the DOH.
The Electronic Health Record and Patient Health Record: it is a very essential category of IS.it varies across different nation due to varying standards worldwide therefore, there is need for a common standard. Open EHR has a bunch of open requirements within its structural layout. It is structured to meet the objective of allowing acceptable interoperability among the various EHR and hospital IS. Hospital information is kept in a structured format and stored without the software. Recording of archetypes supports all the clinical activities that are common. Evaluations, actions, observations and instructions are some of the major components of archetypes. Information generated according to these components are kept in the EHR in a big holding structure containing its own archetypes. (Stahl, 2008).
Financial and Clinical Hospital Information Systems: it enhances access to patient payment records and supports patient’s usage monitoring in different departments. This is accomplished by adding the various results with the attached price. Another essential feature of these information system is that they have the capability of producing invoices as well as monitoring non-payments occurrences. Therefore, this system forms a necessary part of hospital operations to flow without glitches. (Rajaraman, 2011).
Decision Support Information Systems: with this type of information system, the computer tries to execute some portion of processing normally done by the doctor after changing the input data into medically sensible information. As much as the technical capacity to design and come up with a decision support system has realized, it has not yet been implemented widely. However, this system is more of procedures instead of being a system that supports decision making
A feasibility study is the evaluation, analysis and estimation on the livelihood of an idea. It explains on the initial study attempted to arbitrate and document viability of a project. The outcomes of such analysis are then used to decide on whether or not to proceed with the project. The tools used to analyze during project preparation stage describes, under assumptions, the way a business will carry out its operations for instance, the capital required, equipment and facilities, technology used and other components. This analysis is the first time study done during project development life cycle that demonstrate if the project will bring into being an economically and technically feasible idea because the study or analysis needs a powerful technical and financial background besides consultants carrying out most of the analysis. A feasible project is that which can produce sufficient amount of money flow and benefits, stay viable in the long term, can withstand risks and can be able to address the business objectives. The attempt could be dilation of existing, creation of a new or buying already existing business. (Kelkar, 2010).
This analysis is carried out to decide the capabilities or process viability or technology and aids in recognizing what technologies possess the highest index of economic success. Outcome from this feasibility study attempts gives input to counterbalance validation of technology and development of portfolio preparations. The financial aggressiveness of technology is evaluated by assessing its installation costs for a particular process as to that of the amount invested in the current technology. Such analyses are very important in identifying what projects contains the long-term, mid or near success of a business. Criterion analyzed entails; economies of scale, resource requirements, production volume benefits, process configuration and materials. Of great value, technical feasibility can aid in direct research in places where advancement will lead to cost reduction drastically. In addition, improvements regarding the final objective of preparation of salability can be weighed as the process economics are assessed all through the life cycle of a project. Cash flow analysis, equipment cost modeling and process modelling for instance APEN plus are examples of a tools utilized during technical or technological feasibility. In the sectors of fuel cells, delivery and storage regular and continuous technology feasibility is done. (Hesamaddin, Azizah & Fakulti, 2013)
To evaluate economic workability, administration has to assess expenses and advantages associated with the recommended project. The capital expense of a project influences the economic assessment. Cost estimating is basically an intuitive method that tries to anticipate the final results of a future fixed asset expense. In spite of difficulties in coming up with definite number of expenses and advantages of a specific project during the primary phase of the establishment process, enough time should be spent in approximating the expenses and advantages of the project for contrasting with other options.
When dealing with expenses of Information Technology or Information System project, the first thought would be that of the tangible expense that are easily to estimate and discover, like labor or software and hardware cost. However, apart from tangible expenses, there exist some intangible expenses, like deficit of goodwill, or operational ineffectiveness.
Total Cost of Ownership is one of the technique for evaluating the expenses of putting into practice and maintaining information technology. It is a financial approximate structured to help enterprise and customers’ managers evaluate direct and indirect expenses. According to Bill Kirwin, Research manager of Gartner, said that “Total Cost of Ownership is a complete evaluation of Information Technology expenses over time. (Bulechek, 2012)
Evaluating operational feasibility is to acquire knowledge of whether the suggested system will clear up business bad situations, or impose upon the lucky chances or not. It is essential to be knowledgeable of how the new programs will suit into the present daily functions of the firm.
System analysts requires to evaluate whether the present work procedures and practices encourages a new program and how the company’s changes will influence the functionality of lives of those using the system. Deploying the new information technology or information system project may lead to some obstacle and may increase problems to the employees while performing their daily activities.
It is not only essential to assess if a system can function, but also assess if a system will function. A functional remedy might be unsuccessful because of the consumer or management obstruction, like, change of the consumers working atmosphere, adaption to change by the management and the consumers. (Baethge, 2010)
Legal feasibility finds out if the suggested system disharmonizes with the legal needs or not. The proposed system project may experience legal problems after establishment if these requirements fail to be thought out at the first level.
The current software can trace every keystroke, Internet page and document download that arise on workers’ computer screen. In a current survey of some organizations, sixty percent said that they have adopted some form of software that monitors their staffs incoming and outgoing e-mail. Therefore, organizations may accept some of these approaches to safeguard themselves from disputes. Manager wishing to deploy the monitoring system should recommend to their staffs of that truth and make sure that all workers sign an acknowledgment to avoid having queries about employee privacy expectations on computer systems. (Texas, 2008)
Nurses for instance are in charge of the patients’ information and record, therefore, are directly influenced by digitization and introduction of information systems. Introduction of the various information systems discussed above gives numerous critical advantages to the management decision making, improves operational efficiency, increases accuracy and integrity in the finance department among other functions. The importance for efficient management and administration of the hospital is the availability and implementation of valid, reliable and qualitative information which is provided by the information systems. This reality affirms the endurance and application of the several hospital information systems and compel their dominance over manual operations and procedures. It may be necessary for the hospital to redesign and restructure the interface of these systems, to give better hardware and install a strong and dependable network in order to address the hospital information system needs during the deployment and implementation stages as well as develop a complete and reliable documentation guideline. (Kulwin, 2014).
In general, the success factors that affect these information systems include; managerial factors, technological factor and human factor which contains highest level of effect on favorability of deployment of hospital information system. Amidst of other aspects of human factors, the overall understanding and expertise in the use of computer systems and how fast the system can be understood are more compelling to successful deployment of information systems in the hospital than other human components. When critical success factors are talked about, it is important to determine what measures and restrictions or limits should be utilized to evaluate the success of a system. Success of a project is taken to be an active concept. If a system meets its set objective from its formulation is what success means; additionally, it should be implemented depending on the expected time and budget frame. Information system is multidimensional, complex and complicated, thus, it may fail or succeed in different environment under various situations.
Conclusion
The purpose of hospital information system is to digitize the several manual paperwork across the hospital departments. The information system takes care of the needs of average hospital and is able support decision making, makes storage effective and easy, facilitates efficient retrieval of information of past medical record of patients and generate reports like prescriptions and advise for the case of decision support system, invoices for the case of financial information system and so on. Patient health record provides administration of medicine details for nurses and is able to send billing details to the clinical information system with regards to patient’s status, that is, if it is out-patient or in-patient.
References
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Winter, A., & Haux, R. (2011). Health information systems: Architectures and strategies. London: Springer.
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Avison, D. E., & Torkzadeh, R. (2008). Information systems project management. London: SAGE.
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Hossein, A., Othman, I., & Fakulti K. (2015). Factors influencing adoption of hospital information system framework in Malaysian public hospitals.
Bulechek, G. M. (2012). Nursing interventions classification (NIC). St. Louis, Mo: Mosby.
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