Sam is a computer science student and working on a new micro robot design. The robot continuously sends every two seconds a status string comprising the accelerometer reading (4 bits), ultrasound obstacle detection (6 bits), motor functionality (4 bits) and battery power level (2 bits).
Ans. Data transfer rate is that the rate that an exact quantity of information is transferred over a given amount in time. a method this may be done is by a straightforward equation exploitation what quantity knowledge has been transferred and the way long it took in total to transfer that knowledge. So, equation is that: “Data Transfer” divided by “Time Taken”. therefore, on condition that measuring system transmit four bits/sec then the desired rate for automaton to remote controller communication is zero.5 byte/sec.
Ans:
The propagated NRZ codes is used to divide the property giving to us that the voltage levels are always consistent, but a little interim in their nature. ASV = bit 1 and LLV = bit 0.
The two varieties are as per the following:
1.NRZ-Level: NRZ-L strategy looks simply like the NRZ technique, with the exception of the primary information one information bit. This is so because NRZ does not usually contemplate the information but by bit or in extreme modifications, while NRZ-L does so.
Bi-Polar encoding has following attributes:
Ans: ASK refers to the amplitude shift key. It is an innovative adjustment made procedure, wherein the adequacy of the RF carrier is contrasted as per the baseband advanced information flag too. Short frequency shift key is known as FSK. It is similar to the computerised balance system. Here, the recurrence of the RF transporter is altered according to the baseband information provided.
PSK is a short type of Phase Shift Keying, a balance method where the RF transporter is often changed for computerised inputs.
d) Calculate the CRC for the status string determined in c) with polynomial divisor 11001101.
Ans: Flow Control: Flow control accelerates that extent of information that can be sent before getting affirmation. It is a standout amongst the most imperative obligations of the information connect layer. Stream control advises the sender how much information to send. Stream Control Techniques are Stop-and-pause and Sliding Window.
Error control in the information connect layer depends on ARQ (programmed rehash asks for), which is the retransmission of information. The term mistake control alludes to techniques for fault identification and retransmission. Whenever a blunder is identified in a trade, indicated outlines are retransmitted. This procedure is called ARQ. To guarantee dependable correspondence, there necessities to exist stream control (dealing with the measure of information the sender sends), and mistake control (that information touches base at the goal blunder free).
Flow and Error control should be done at a few layers. For hub to-hub connections, stream and mistake control is done in the information interface layer. For end-point to end-point, stream and blunder control is completed in the vehicle layer. Numerous elements including line clamour can change or wipe out at least one bits of a given information unit. Dependable frameworks must have component for identifying and revising such mistakes. Mistake identification and amendment are executed either at the information connect layer or the vehicle layer of the OSI demonstrate.
Following are the Flow and Error control procedures:
(i)Stop & Wait Flow control:
The sender needs to sit tight for an affirmation of each edge that it sends. Just when an affirmation has been gotten is the following edge sent. In Stop&Wait stream control, beneficiary shows the availability getting information for casing. For each casing that is sent, there should be an affirmation, which takes a comparable measure of engendering time to return to the sender. Just a single edge can be in transmission at once. This prompts wastefulness if spread deferral is any longer than the transmission delay
(ii) Go-back-n ARQ: –
Collector window measure is 1. In this strategy, on the off chance that one casing is lost or harmed all edges sent, since the last edge renowned are retransmitted.
(ii) Selective Repeat ARQ: new highlights:
In this process only, damage packet is retransmit.
So that Sam can use one of them to ensure the accuracy of robot control.
Multiplexing plays a crucial role in communication because it permits the mix of multiple streams along. completely different multiplexing techniques area unit used for numerous applications.
Ans. Multiplexing could be a technique through that many signals area unit at the same time transmitted over one link. Multiplexed system involves n range of devices that share the capability of 1 link that’s however a link (path) will have multiple channels. At the receiver, the only stream is directed to the Demultiplexer (DEMUX), that is once more translated into its part transmission and sent to their supposed receivers.
TDM is taken into account to be a digital procedure which might be used once the transmission medium rate amount is over the information rate requisite of the transmission and receiving devices. every frame consists of a group of your time slots, and parts of every supply is allotted a time interval per frame.
FDM is Associate in Nursing analogy technique that is enforced only the data measure of the link is over the united data measure of the signals to be conducted. every causation device produces signals that modulate at distinct carrier frequencies. The modulated signals area unit then united into one compound signal that may be transferred by the link. The signals travel through the information measure ranges stated as channels.
Signals overlapping are often controlled by mistreatment unutilized information measure strips for segregating the channels, these area unit called guard bands. Also, carrier frequencies shouldn’t interrupt with the first information frequencies. If any condition fails to stick, the first signals cannot be recovered.
CDMA uses describe band, a technology that was developed in war II to forestall enemies from intercepting and electronic jamming transmissions. In unfold spectrum, an information signal is distributed over a spread of frequencies in Associate in Nursing allotted frequency spectrum.
CDMA provides an exact quantity of intrinsic security because the transmissions of multiple user’s area unit mixed along inside the frequency spectrum. Completely different variations of CDM and CDMA area unit employed in 2G and succeeding generations of mobile phone technology.
Ans: WiMAX technology was introduced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). It had a customary selection of 802.16d-2004 (used in mounted wireless applications) and 802.16e-2005 (mobile wireless) in order to ensure supply of worldwide microwave access. Since telecommunication industry is extremely involved with wireless communication, the numerous transmission modes were established for this purpose to be solved.
|
Technologies |
3G |
4G |
|
Design Began |
1990 |
2000 |
|
Developed |
2002 |
2010 |
|
Cellular Services |
Higher Capacity, Broadband Data up to 2Mbps |
Higher Capacity, completely IP Based, Multimedia Data |
|
Versions |
WCDMA, CDMA-2000 |
OFDM, UWB |
|
Bandwidth |
2 Mbps |
10 Mbps – 20 Mbps |
|
Multiplexing |
CDMA |
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA |
|
Core Network |
Packet Network |
All-IP Networks |
Ans: In OFDM system, the carrier’s area unit curving to amounted curving signals area unit known as orthogonal once the product is adequate to 0 over one stage.
Ans: OFDM could be a comparatively new spectrally economical digital modulation theme that employs multiple carriers that area unit reciprocally orthogonal to 1 another over a given interval. every carrier, consisting of a combine of undulation and a cos wave, is referred as a ‘sub-carrier’. allow us to think about Associate in Nursing OFDM theme with N sub-carriers. The out their transmission information measure is equally divided amongst the N sub-carriers. If ‘W’ cycle is that the single-sided transmission information measures out there, the information measure allotted to every sub-carrier is W N cycle. The distinction between 2 adjacent sub carriers is named the sub carrier spacing, that is additionally W N cycle in our example. every sub carrier, upon information modulation might typically be classified as a narrowband modulated signal however the OFDM signal could be a band signal for moderate or giant price of ‘N’. Usually, the modulation operation is dispensed at the baseband level and therefore the baseband-modulated signal is translated within the frequency domain by frequency up-conversion to the desired frequency band.
Importance of the ideas of Orthogonality in Digital Communications a. within the style and choice of data bearing pulses, orthogonality over image period could also be accustomed advantage for derivation economical symbol-by symbol reception theme. b. Performance analysis of many modulation reception schemes are often dispensed if the information-bearing signal waveforms area unit acknowledged to be orthogonal to every different. c. The ideas of orthogonality are often accustomed advantage within the style and choice of single and multiple carriers for modulation, transmission and reception.
Ans: The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) was developed so that it could support higher rates of signal and multi-carrier signals as well. It is said to minimise the image interference and relate it to more and different multiplexing schemes too.
Different frequencies which wastes countless information measure however OFDM doesn’t contain inter-carrier guard band. On prime of that, OFDM handles multipath result by changing serial information to many parallel information mistreatment quick Fourier rework (FFT) and Inverse quick Fourier rework (IFFT).
In OFDM system, the carrier’s area unit curving. 2 amounted curving signals area unit known as orthogonal once their product is adequate to 0.
Time and Frequency diagram of Single and Multi-carrier signals
To avoid entomb image Interference (ISI) the Cyclic Prefix (CP) is inserted in OFDM system before every transmitted image. Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence is completely eliminated by the planning once CP length is larger than multipath delay.
Prime Living may be an assets company primarily based in Victoria and that we work type them as an advisor network engineer. the corporate has determined to open a brand-new workplace in South Japanese suburbs and also the plan of the building is shown below. The workplace consists of five areas and on the average eight workers work on every room. The lounge is employed by each workers and customers and on the average regarding twenty-five devices connect with Wi-Fi. The shoppers need we have a tendency to to style the network for them with a minimum of a hundred Mbps rate for all wireless connections. As resources we’ve got one distribution system and few access points of ten m vary.
Ans: Backbone network: -A backbone can be thought of as a part of a network which has the ability to connect different data type to give a route for exchange of knowledge between subnetworks. It will add along various networks within the same building capacity and can cover extremely large areas too.
Ans: once we tack together were wireless access device, we have a tendency to notice a field referred to as Service Set ID (SSID). A BSS consists of a bunch of computers and one AP, that links to a wired computer network. associate ESS consists of quite one AP. associate ESS lets mobile users roll anyplace at intervals the realm lined by multiple APs.
when a consumer has associated itself with the Access purpose, all communications to and from the consumer can traverse the AP.
The wireless coverage space of associate AP is named the essential spot (BSA), generally additionally referred as Wireless Cell. associate AP also can be connected to a wired local area network native space Network through associate transmission port affiliation in contrast to the freelance Basic Service Set during which the wireless network can’t be connected to the wired network.
The BSS is unambiguously known by the essential Service Set symbol (BSSID) that is that the Layer a pair of mac address of the BSS access purpose. The wireless network though is publicised victimisation associate SSID that announces the provision of the wireless network to devices.
2 or a lot of Access Points are connected to a similar native space Network to produce a bigger coverage space that permits the consumer to more over from one AP to a different AP and still be a part of the computer network. This method is understood as roaming during which a consumer will physically amendment locations and still be connected to the computer network. once a consumer senses that radio wave from this AP have gotten weaker, it finds a brand-new AP with stronger signals starts victimisation that AP. associate ESS usually includes a typical SSID to permit roaming from access purpose to access purpose while not requiring consumer re-con?guration.
The wireless coverage space created by connexion 2 or a lot of Access Points via distribution system is named associate Extended spot (ESA). Stations at intervals a similar ESA could communicate with one another, even if these stations are also in numerous basic service areas and should even be moving between the layer.
A Distribution System connects multiple Access Points to create associate ESS, whereas doing thus it provides the wireless stations with the choice of quality. With a wired network. Network instrumentation outside of the extended service set views the whole ESS and every one of its mobile stations as one layer a pair of network wherever the quality of the mobile stations from everything outside the ESS. this enables correct inter-operation with different network protocols that don’t perceive the construct of quality.
Although not shown within the figure associate Access purpose will act as a bridge between the wireless and wired LANs, permitting stations on either computer network to speak with one another.
Ans: turnout of wireless packet transfer usually depends on the signal strength of wireless communication. The design of Wireless Distribution System ( WDS) in associate IEEE 802.11-based setting will avoid the decline of wireless signals and keep the information packet turnout by delivering packets among access points. This paper focuses on WDS associated proposes a rule of most freelance Set (MIS) to see the set of access points and scale back its computation time for wireless knowledge packet transmission and achieving turnout improvement.
d) advocate an appropriate IEEE substandard for the network and provide
Like The 802.11 normal is outlined through many specifications of WLANs. There are many specifications within the 802.11.
Ans: – Following a structured set of steps once developing and implementing network security can facilitate we have a tendency to address the numerous considerations that play a section in security style. several security ways are developed in a very haphazard method and have did not truly secure assets and to fulfil a customer’s primary goals for security. Breaking down the method of security style into the subsequent steps can facilitate we have a tendency to effectively set up and execute a security strategy:
References
Griner, U., & Arnon, S. (2006). Multiuser diffuse indoor wireless infrared communication using equalized synchronous CDMA. IEEE Transactions On Communications, 54(9), 1654-1662. doi: 10.1109/tcomm.2006.881247
Otte, R., Jong, L., & Roermund, A. (2011). Low-power wireless infrared communications. New York: Springer.
Wolf, M., & Kress, D. (2003). Short-range wireless infrared transmission: the link buoget compared to RF. IEEE Wireless Communications, 10(2), 8-14. doi: 10.1109/mwc.2003.1196397
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