The overall physical or logical design of computer networks is what is referred to as a network topology. In essence, they outline the pattern of devices connected to a network.
Star Topology – A simple design where all computers are usually connected to a central server or device e.g. a hub or switch. Due to its simplicity, it’s the most commonly used pattern (Zandbergen, 2017). E.g. computers usage in an office set up. Nevertheless, during operations which inherently is usually communication, data always flows through the central device to the pre-determined destination. Therefore, the central device acts as a management unit that coordinates operations.
In the telecommunication industry, several devices are used, these devices vary in design and structure which necessities the need for standards to govern their operations. The TCP/IP model is a hierarchical protocol that is made up of different layered modules that function in collaboration to meet the need of communication (Omnisecu, 2017).
When transmitting or receiving data the devices involved must outline several variables including items such as the location and the size of data transmitted. Control information is a data bundle that is added to the actual data to regulate and direct it. Encapsulation will occur at each layer of the TCP/IP model where different control information is added at each stage forming an extended data package (Omnisecu, 2017). In reverse, during decapsulation, control data is used to extract information in the receiving device.
From the diagram above, one can see the general procedure followed where, control data (header files) are added at each subsequent stage. Moreover, they become part of the overall data packet at each stage where an additional header file is added at the subsequent layer.
As compared to the processes discussed above, multiplexing and de-multiplexing involve the transmission of multiple signals or data streams across a single (or common) channel. Therefore, in multiplexing, several data streams will use a common channel (single) to move from one source to another. On the other hand, de-multiplexing is the process used to separate these data streams on the receiving end outlining each individual signal (Nizam, 2014).
So, we have: Bandwidth 6.8 MHz and SNR 132
From the bit rate formula (Nyquist): Bit rate = 2 x Bandwidth x Log2 Signal level (L)
Moreover, Shannon capacity formula states: Capacity (Shannon capacity) = bit rate = B x Log2 (1 + SNR). Therefore,
B x Log2 SNR = 6800000 x Log2 132
Bit rate = 47901880.01 = 47.9019 MHz
From the bit rate formula identified above (Nyquist) we have; Bit rate = 2 x Bandwidth x Log2 Signal level (L)
Signal level is thus: 47901880.01 = 13600000 x Log2 L
3.52219706 = Log2 L, therefore, L = 23.52219706
= 11.48912529 Levels
When comparing the two, OSI (Open systems interconnection) model and TCP/IP model it’s good to outline their definitions and purposes. OSI model is a general communication standard that is used to define the interactions seen in communication systems (Burke, 2017). On its part, TCP/IP is a networking standard that is used to define the communication structure of devices across the internet. Therefore, while OSI model will have an extended use, TCP/IP will only apply when an internet connection is imminent. In fact, from its definition, IP will outline the processes used to acquire information in a given network while TCP identifies the channels used.
From this definition, it’s easy to see that the OSI model has extended functionalities as compared to the TCP/IP model. This outcome is a direct effect of the development timeline seen between the two where TCP/IP was created at a time when there were minimal system considerations. However, many of the communication protocols used today rely on the structure of the TCP/IP model to function. Consider protocols such as SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol) they all are based on the TCP/IP model which outlines its importance and the reason to why OSI model has not taken over (Frenzel, 2013).
We are given: frame size 5 million bits, no. of routers10, the queuing and processing time 3.5 µs and 1.8 µs respectively, the length of the link 1900 km, c as 2.2 x 108 m/s and the bandwidth 8 Mbps
Delay is therefore given by:
Processing + queuing + transmission + propagation time
Thus: Processing time = 10 x 1.8µ = 1.8 x 10-5 s (accounting for 10 routers)
Queuing time = 10 x 3.5µ = 3.5 x 10-5 s
Transmission time = Frame size/Bandwidth
= 5000000/8000000 = 5/8, approximately 0.625 s
Propagation time = Link length/speed of light
= 1900000/2.2 x 108 = 8.636364 x 10-3 s
Latency = 1.8 x 10-5 + 3.5 x 10-5 + 0.625 + 8.636364×10-3 = 0.63369 s
Transmission time is therefore more dominant because it has a bigger packet size. On the other hand, Processing and queuing time are negligible (smallest values).
There are several protocols that are used to transmit and receive messages i.e. mails, POP3 (Post office protocol) is one such protocol that is precisely used to access remote servers hosting mailboxes. These remote servers will always retain the user messages and will only avail them when requested. Moreover, POP3 has limited functionalities unlike other protocols because it will only receive user messages (mail).
Operation: POP3 operates using four major states; authorization, transaction, update and closed (NCC, 1998).
The states:
References
Burke. J. (2017). What is the difference between TCP/IP model and OSI model? Tech target. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/answer/What-is-the-difference-between-OSI-model-and-TCP-IP-other-than-the-number-of-layers
Certification Kits. (2017). CCNA – Bus, Ring, Star & Mesh Topologies. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.certificationkits.com/cisco-certification/ccna-articles/cisco-ccna-physical-networking-concepts-layer-1/ccna-bus-ring-star-a-mesh-topologies/
Chaudhari. A. (2016). 12 Advantages and Disadvantages of OSI model Layered Architecture. CSE stack. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.csestack.org/advantages-disadvantages-of-osi-model-layered-architecture/
Frenzel. L. (2013). What’s The Difference between the OSI Seven-Layer Network Model and TCP/IP? Electronic design. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.electronicdesign.com/what-s-difference-between/what-s-difference-between-osi-seven-layer-network-model-and-tcpip
Jayasundara. M. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages of TCP/IP and OSI model. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://msccomputernetworks.blogspot.co.ke/2016/08/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-tcpip.html
Kozierok. C. (2005). POP3 General Operation, Client/Server Communication and Session States. The TCP/IP guide. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_POP3GeneralOperationClientServerCommunicationandSe-2.htm
Netscape Communications Corporation. (1998). Receiving Mail with POP3. Messaging Access SDK Guide. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/816-6027-10/asdk5.htm
Nizam. A. (2014). Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Mesh Topology. Networking basics. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.networking-basics.net/mesh-topology/
Omnisecu. (2017). TCP/IP Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.omnisecu.com/tcpip/tcpip-encapsulation-decapsulation.php
Zandbergen. P. (2017). How Star, Bus, Ring & Mesh Topology Connect Computer Networks in Organizations. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-star-topology-connects-computer-networks-in-organizations.html
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