Globalization and technological advancements have increased complexities in business environment (Mehregan, Hosseinzadeh & Kazemi, 2012). Businesses currently not only face challenges from their internal conditions but also from internal conditions in order to cater to external challenges. Managerial decision making at middle as well as at the top level have become more complex and diverse accompanying stress to perform better within the competitive environment. It can be stressed that capability to take decisions is of extreme importance amongst managers such that they can consider holistic issues facing the organization and priorities appropriate issues (Hass & PMP, 2008). Management needs to make use of several relevant tools to support their decision making endeavors such that a balanced and equitable outcome is arrived at that can benefits all stakeholder group present. Analysis of organization complexity will allow developing strategy determination and leadership decision taking. Problem analysis is a critical consideration that has to be undertaken critically focused on Systems Thinking and Strategic Thinking for planning of change management strategies. Encompassing Peter Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) complex issues, problems and challenges faced in business will be analysed to progress towards the process of change (Gharajedaghi, 2011). The scope of current analysis deals with managerial level decision making related to challenges faced in Petronas Malaysia. The Company faces tremendous issues and challenges in order to accommodate system oriented changes.
Innovation has become a necessity within multinational corporations today in order to maintain their competitiveness. Companies in oil and natural gas productions globally are making use of various innovative endeavors in order to extend their core competencies. Peronas Malaysia is a Company that is focused on innovation of products and services. The upper level management and its shareholders shares a vision oriented to build sustainable future for the Company. However, lack of processes to transfer such strategic vision into lower levels of management is absent. This has created a gap in the Company’s innovative efforts to create a leading change. Though the shareholder’s had aimed at relatively higher growing in their EPS and Dividend earnings but it had not been possible due to absence of creative endeavors that could allow the Company to compete in the market. Escalations and instability over global fuel prices have led to uncertainties amongst companies to create wealth for their shareholders. Thus, Petronas with its significant financial allocation towards innovative efforts will be able to impact the process of change. However, there will be need to create a corporate entrepreneurial spirit by way of soft system methodology for accomplishing such goals. There will need to be significant changes brought about in organizational learning process to be able to impact the process of change. Adapting Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology will allow injecting values for catering to key stakeholder groups. The tool will allow greater accomplishment of the decision making framework towards the achievement of the organizational strategic objectives.
Petronas Malaysia is a natural gas and oil company of the Government of Malaysia. The Company’s full name is Petrolium Nasional Berhad (Petronas) that was established in the year 1974. It is one of the largest corporation as per FORTUNE Global 500. The Company produces oil and gas to cater to the growing need of the society. The Company is focused to deliver sustainable energy production that is less reliant on non-sustainable natural resources. The Company’s innovative endeavors are oriented towards maximizing energy source have made use of several technological adaptations for the purpose of sourcing energy. Its integrated value chain has their operational presence in over 50 countries of the world. It has successfully integrated multiple environmental, social and community programs as an extension of the Corporate Social Responsibility Framework. This allows the business to operate sustainably in the present and future. Although the Company currently faces challenge in regards to its decision making processes that deters strategies for creating sustainability.
In order to attain the goals of the project; the below mentioned aims need has to be accomplished.
The Company’s top management level is focused on innovation and including a process wise corporate entrepreneurial spirit. However, apart from the upper management levels, the middle and lower management levels are unaware of such strategic directions of the Company. Meaning the Company is currently facing challenge relative to accommodating sustainable innovation through its leadership framework (Hanafizadeh & Aliehyaei, 2011). Due to the widespread operation framework of the Company and multi-level managerial layers, strategic vision of the top level managers do not percolate down to the bottom. This creates a gap in understanding hence as a strategic consultant, recommendations will be provided such that strategic visions can percolate down to the bottom of the organization. Therefore the current scope of the report will aim at designing soft system methodologies that can allow the Company to design technique suitable to adapt innovation within the Company through sustainable allocation of financial and other resources (Petkov et al., 2007). Moreover, adequate recommendations for accommodating spirit of corporate entrepreneurship will be suggested such that the Company can overcome its current challenges.
Petronas operates in 50 countries in the world, it is almost impossible to carry out situational analysis and accommodate their challenges. For the purpose of this project and reduce further complexity only research has been carried out in Malaysia, which is also head office for the Corporations. A situational analysis encompasses external analysis and industry level analysis along with internal analysis. Both are critical to arrive at the core reason the Company is facing its current level of challenges.
In order to investigate external situation analysis, PESTLE factor analysis has been taken into consideration. Political factors analysis in Malaysia reveals that policy of the Government is in favor of decisions taken by the shareholders of the Company. However, it can be assumed that the Company being a Government holding experiences significant bureaucratic control which implements larger domain of challenges (Latif & Chew, 2012). Malaysia is a politically stable country with policies of the government focused towards the growth and development of its corporations. However, policy changes are generally slower at Petronas due to the longer process of decision making. Economic situation within the country is significantly stable with stable exchange rates and stable market systems. The country has relatively stable rate of inflation at 1.3% at the moment. However, Petronas supplies it products in the world market. Current fluctuation in oil and gas prices and financial crisis in several countries has disturbed equilibrium in the oil and gas sector. Petronas in order to sell to its suppliers at the same rate that it used to be often making losses and is trying to balance off the same with future contracts. This has implied a bigger challenge facing the Company as in spite of rise in overseas oil prices; the Company has not been able to make considerable profits due to unpredictable movement in the commodities prices.
Social and cultural factors are conducive within Malaysia for the business to prosper in the country. The country has a beaming young age population who are employable; hence the Company is easily able to get employees at an affordable rate. Moreover, skilled technicians to other types of professionals required by the Company are easily available. Technologically Malaysia is extremely advanced. Oil and gas refining and purification process adopted by the Company reflects presence of high levels of technology. Rates of accidents are also under control due to advancement in technology. Legal framework within the country, especially employment laws are extremely stringent. There are laws pertaining to employee work hours, pay structure and other protection which the Company has to adhere to. Environmental norms are being followed by the Company through their CSR norms. They are trying their level best to reduce carbon footprints on the environment. Moreover, they are dedicating resources every year towards creation of alternate forms of energy that can resolve communities need of energy in the future.
Industry based analysis is undertaken by means of Porter’s five forces analysis that undertakes five relevant factors. Industry rivalry reveals that Petronas Malaysia competes with BHP Oil Petroleum, Patroliam Nasional, ExxonMobil, Hess Oil, Inpex Ofshore, Lundin Malaysia, Murphy, Newfield and Nippon. Though Petronas enjoys major shareholding in the market yet the other companies exert significant amounts of threats on the current Company. Due to presence of large number of Companies supplying oil and natural gas, buyers experience significant bargaining power (E. Dobbs, 2014). Buyers of oil and natural gas though do not have direct control over prices of the products yet they ample number of avenues to select their product from. Bargaining power of suppliers is considerably low to insignificant. For Petronas suppliers are value chain participants that allow the product to reach consumers. Threat from new entrant is significantly low as there are huge amounts of investments involved in this business (Porter, 2011). Investments include buying or leasing of oil fields and then taking necessary equipment or machineries in order to unearth and purify the oil.
Most effective internal analysis can be conducted by way of SWOT analysis. It helps reveal strength, weakness, opportunities and threats existing for a corporation (Durdyev, Omarov & Ismail, 2016). For Petronas a comprehensive SWOT has been undertaken as below;
Analysis of external and industry factors reveals that bureaucratic control of shareholders and time taken to implement decision is a major challenge faced by the organization. The Company continues to faces significant challenges from competitive forces. In order to remain profitable and expand the venture to other countries, the Company needs to pace up its decision making procedure at the Board level and also implement corporate entrepreneurial spirit within the same. This will allow an extension of core competency of the Company and to become more profitable in the future. Shareholder, who constitute major stakeholder of the Company will be able to create value through maximization of their wealth. Shareholder’s wealth maximization is a major motive of the Company’s Board and it will attract more investors and shareholders towards investing in the company.
Petronas Malaysia facing multiple challenges needs to have ways out of its current situation. Resolution to current challenges faced can only be overcome through an intervention method to bring about a feasible and desirable change. In order to bring about the process of change into the Company Kotter’s change Management Model will be applied in order to bring about corporate entrepreneurship climate. Kotter’s Change management model is based on 8 step processes to bring about the procedure of change. The corporation currently needs changes in structure, control, human resource management and cultural factor change (Appelbaumet al, 2012). By including this model framework of corporate entrepreneurship shareholder’s value creation will be attended. In order to accommodate changes in all four areas of management, initially a sense of urgency will be developed amongst its employees. Such sense of urgency can be initiated by creating a guiding coalition where human resource managers along with leaders within the organization want to bring about the change process. A vision for change will be embedded in the strategy to develop a corporate entrepreneurial climate amongst its employees and to develop a decision making framework amongst Board of Directors of the Company (Gupta, 2011). Then such vision will need to be communicated across multiple layers of the organization so that every internal stakeholder is aware regarding the changes that are required. Then all obstacles that might hinder the process of change will need to be overcome. Hindrances might appear from Board of Directors themselves, as they might fail to envision the benefits that the change processes might bring to the current organization. Once obstacles have been removed then short term wins need to be accommodated (Turró, Urbano & Peris-Ortiz, 2014). For Petronas short term wins will mostly be focused on initiating small efforts focused on innovations, getting results from employees for such innovative efforts. All improvements and processes that have been included in the organization will need to be consolidated such that all areas of application can be understood in an effective manner. Lastly and most importantly the Company need to anchor all possible changes that it has applied, meaning to reap benefits from processes and procedures that has been applied across the organization, there needs to be a procedural change implemented for the new procedures to be continued (Morris, Kuratko & Covin, 2010). The business transformation agenda will impact on the organizational learning process and this change will be feasible and desirable within the organization. In order to bring about an organizational wide corporate entrepreneurial climate, employees will need to be provided ample learning opportunities and freedom within their sphere of operations. Once employees are able to incorporate learning behaviours and cycles the process will be aptly applied.
Conclusion
Petronas, Malaysia has capabilities to expand its current operations and domain of innovativeness. Energy corporations in Malaysia are focusing their efforts towards constant and continuous innovativeness such that they are able to gain significant competitive advantages and enhance their future sustainability. Scope of sustainable future is fossil fuel is bleak with running off of the current reserves. Therefore, companies wither need to explore newer oil ventures and areas or change over to contemporary processes in sustainable energy forms. The scope of Petronas is wider as it will easily be able to apply innovative culture and climate to foster a spirit of change within the organization. Its decision making capability will also be enhanced once it has been able to decide on an organizational framework that supports complex decision making. However, in case Petronas management and other senior officials are not able to view changes needed in the current organization then there might be high levels of challenges encountered by the organization.
The organization will continue facing reducing of value created of its shareholder’s leading to shareholders dissatisfaction. In case there are continuous trends where shareholders are not able to maximize their wealth, then there will be a situation where prospective shareholders will withdraw their stocks and investments from the Company. The Company will lose out on valuable shareholders and their decisions. This might lead to creation of a situation of cash crunch within the Company, leading to liquidation. The Company might have to opt for financial resources from banks and other institutions which will lead to increase in financial cost of the Company. This will create an impact on reduction in competitive capabilities of the Company. Implying that competitors will gain substantial advantages from incapability of the firm to incorporate innovativeness. Competitors will not only gain shareholding increased in the market rather they will be able to increase stakes in the Company, which might emerge to be non-sustainable for the Company’s future. The Company might cease to exist in the long term due to loss in its competitive position in the market. It can be analysed from here that not only there will be a loss in competitive position of the Company rather a deterioration of the overall Company’s growth and future sustainability. It is prudent that the Company adopts change management procedure by evaluating the overall negative impact on the Company.
Analysis of relevant challenges faced by the Company there are certain recommendations that can be suggested to be included. As an external consultant, there are various aspects that are felt to be integral to be immediately adopted by the Company, which will allow overcoming it current challenges. Following are some recommendations that might allow the Company to overcome from its current levels of challenges faced.
Literature Review encompasses analysing relevant sources such as journals and articles in order to understand detailed concepts regarding a topic. In this case the organization Petronas is facing severe challenges related to its decision making processes and innovative climate. However, these being separate variables or factors within the organization, no one have been able to draw a grater picture from it (Thomas & Mengel, 2008). Once one is capable to drawing impacts of the greater picture regarding the impacts that several processes imply on an organization, it is possible to arrive at a conclusion regarding the same. Most important a concept that can be used to connect between several operating variables has to be identified, which has been done undertaking Strategic Thinking and analysis tool of Soft System Methodology.
Checkland (2013) proposed SSM as an imagination of a system for the investigation into poorly organized circumstances. Checkland’s 7-arrange display advances from getting some answers concerning a circumstance to making a move to enhance it. In the stages 1 and 2 the issue is as yet unstructured and communicated by the members in a rich picture. Stages 3 and 4 include frameworks considering. Root definitions and applied models of perhaps applicable frameworks are created. The rest of the stages are again set in reality where activity can occur (Highsmith, 2013). Amid organize 5 the perfect applied model is utilized to discover similitudes and contrasts with the apparent certifiable model. Stage 6 includes proposals for socially possible changes and arranges 7 require the usage of the progressions consented to amid the past stage. These 7 phases are a piece of the rationale based stream of request and give a utilitarian examination of the issue circumstance. While rationale has an essential impact a moment, ‘social’ stream of request should be considered. The two streams connect with and educate each other(Fairholm & Card, 2009). The social stream comprises of three examinations of the issue circumstance: examination of mediation, social and political frameworks investigation. The examination of mediation manages the distinctive parts of the members. In the social or social examination parts, standards and qualities are resolved. At long last, in the political frameworks examination the political measurements of the circumstance are investigated. The process empowers the investigator and the members to comprehend extraordinary points of view on the circumstance. SSM utilizes models to structure a civil argument in which distinctive clashing goals, needs, purposes, interests, and qualities can be coaxed out and talked about (Prasetyo & Surendro, 2015). The problem here stated by SSM methodological analysis will allow deriving of necessary solution accordingly.
A literature support is deemed to be critical for analysing concepts and theories related to Soft System Methodology. Analysing details of the conceptual model will allow evaluation that is faced by Petronas and overcoming of the situation (Aritua, Smith & Bower, 2009). Applying SSM methods helps diagnose the challenge appropriately, entering problematic situation, expressing problem situation, formulating root definition, building conceptual models, defining possible that are feasible and taking actions to improve.
Visible challenges that exists in the real world for the Company, is primarily related to lack of innovative spirit amongst Company employees. Though upper level management has decided on include innovativeness throughout the organization for development of products and processes, such goals have not been achieved. Detailed insight into the problem situation allows understanding that the Company faces challenges in its strategic decision implementation(Newman, 2011). Due to cumbersome time taken in developing strategic decisions, implementation is often delayed. Moreover such challenges further implement challenges for managerial decision making. In short, the process of communication for taking decision travelling from lower management levels to upper and upper management levels to lower is significantly ineffective.
Absences of a conceptual model that can support decision taken at the senior levels have further deterred capability of the organization towards innovativeness (Stacey, 2012). Therefore, analysing problems in real world and matching them against conceptual models presently available to the organization reveals that there must be corporate entrepreneurial model be implemented across the organization. The Board Members along with relevant shareholders of the organization need to be convinced regarding implementation of the model such that decision making capabilities is improved and pace of taking decision is also paced (Palmberg, 2009).
In a multinational corporation as giant as Pteronas it often becomes difficult to analyse challenges prevalent. Through SSM framework it was possible to analyse and connect the complex challenge prevalent within the organization (Geraldi, 2008). Without application of such framework, it would not have been possible to arrive at an understanding connecting the diversified challenges. Only by connecting various system methodological tools as it possible to arrive at an understanding related to the same. The organization in its current form needs immediate transformation to be able to emerge as more profitable and sustainably suited towards the future. In absence higher managerial levels are able to comprehend the complex process challenge facing the system, it will not be able to adopt suitable procedures to overcome the same (Ulrich & Probst, 2012). Therefore, insight skills reflect incapability of the current organization in adopting a suitable strategic decision implementation procedure due to lack of an organisational climate that fosters innovation. Innovation is the only capability that can deliver competitive competencies to the organization to be able to operate within the highly competitive global scenario. Therefore, the Company’s vision if possible to be embedded within its employees will allow significant extension of its current capabilities as its resources have already been allocated towards innovative endeavors(Page, 2008). Applying innovativeness throughout the organization will allow its capability to be extended and applied across its corporation, benefits of which will be available to all stakeholders. Innovativeness is the only variable through which it is possible to connect shareholder’s value maximization, organizational strategic decision implementation and sustainability. This connection was made possible only through SSM tool steps. As evaluation of the complex problem has been undertaken through first two steps suggested in the conceptual model, it was possible to arrive at models that could allow overcoming the current situation. Therefore SSM framework is identified to be a critical tool that can allow complex problems within organizations to be identified easily and in an effective manner.
Critical Analysis of relevant challenges faced by the Company helps arrive at the multiple factors that the organizations need to cater to. Analysis of relevant challenges that are faced by the topic level managers is not possible easily (Sutrisna & Barrett, 2007). Evaluating the skill gap level existing within organization’s stakeholder reveals presence of highly talented employee base of the organization. The organization has capability to deliver immense amount of innovativeness due to present of talented individuals who easily can innovate procedures and products. However, due to lack of organization climate that supports innovativeness, there have been no efforts accommodated from the side of employees. Leaders and managers, who bear responsibility to implement organization wide changes need to be directed at accommodating such changes possible (Halpern, 2013). A change management framework for the purpose of adopting corporate entrepreneurship endeavors needs to be accommodated such as to be able to become one of the leading innovative Companies within the industry. The aim of this change management procedure is to be able to establish the Company as a leading innovator in the industry. This will help the Company establish brand name and brand identity in the market. Most importantly the Company can aim at innovative efforts in its quality management efforts which will also add to the brand value extension of the Company. Appendix 6
Analysis of current challenges is done so that development of future course of action can be taken. Petronas Malaysia is a profitable venture of the Government. Hence it becomes critical to be able to evaluate the multiple challenges that it faces in order to overcome the same. Through crafting and designing of appropriate strategies, the Company will be able to redesign its strategies for decision application and cerate maximum value for its shareholders. The Company’s situation has been evaluated through qualitative collection of data and information pertaining to the Company from several online as well as offline sources. The data collection has been mostly of secondary nature that has adopted journals, articles, websites to analyse relevant information pertaining to the Company. The Company’s annual reports have also been evaluated in order to understand the several efforts that it is undertaking in order to extend shareholder’s value creation and generate their profitability (Sørensen et al, 2010). The future of the Company’s sustainability is entirely dependent on its capabilities to be able to generate maximum innovative efforts in its current products and processes. The Company can easily accomplish innovativeness in its processes by making use of several technical tools that it is already using. Moreover, the Company can adopt a process of transformational change by means of adapting corporate entrepreneurship climate. The Company’s senior management need to direct its leader’s for providing greater freedom to employees to perform in their duties. They need to also opt for productivity by means of skill exchange amongst multiple job roles. More meetings that can allow brainstorming of ideas related to particular processes or challenges faced can allow extension of current capabilities of employees. Only when an employee will be allowed to perform cross departmental roles, will his innovative spirits be applied. The Company can accommodate training and specific development programs for its executives to enhance their skills and knowledge such that they are able to innovate. Absence of soft system mythological tool have led to emergence in the current challenges as earlier consultants or those analysing the situation was not able to effectively understand the areas in which the Company’s focus is to be made. Through complex analysis of challenges in a step by step procedure was it possible to arrive at significant results for this study. SSM allows a consultative framework to be developed in a study. therefore, it has been regarded as one of the best and leading procedure for analysing complex organizational problems.
Learning need to accompany self-reflection always as through self-reflection it is possible to arrive at understandability regarding skills gained and knowledge acquired (Cottrell, 2017). Reflection allows assimilating all learning efforts and endeavors such as to arrive at an outcome related to it. In this current scope of self-reflection, critical thinking has been adopted in order to review the current organization’s position and provide consultation. The current organization had been facing challenge that was analysed using Soft System Methodology however, earlier such diagnosis was not made. Steps for SSM are applied as entering problematic situation, expressing problem situation, formulating root definition, building conceptual models, defining possible that are feasible and taking actions to improve.
I was able to critically analyse each component of bigger picture of the organization in order to arrive at an analysis regarding its challenge (Ennis, 2011). Though from outside all variables within the organization seems to have been functioning at an efficient and effective level, deeper evaluation of the current situation of the organization helps reveal various trends and complexities that exists in its strategic decision making processes. I had gained knowledge of strategic thinking and analysis from my current scope which extended my vision to critically evaluate each aspect of an organizational perspective. Evaluating an organization from its capability to transfer strategic vision into achievable outcome for its shareholder’s is often a dream for many multinationals. Therefore, I recognized similar challenge could have arisen in the current organization’s scope of operation (Halpern, 2013). A step by step analysis of external and industry situation prevalent for the Company helped arrive at a conclusive position regarding the Company’s productivity and incomes. The Annual Reports of the Company initially stated various promises and visions but detailed investigation revealed a continuous drop in its earnings per share and dividend payout year after years. This alarming trend helped me predict a deeper level challenge that was present, which did not allow strategic vision of the Company not to be transferred into organizational strategic initiatives. There was meant to a mismatch that was revealed through my critical thinking capability that I had developed during my course. In my course there were several case studies that we needed to evaluate and each case provided understanding related to a particular aspect of organizational challenge. These several case evaluation allowed me to develop skills pertaining to critical thinking that I was able to apply here. Our professor is an excellent guide, who continuously provides us with inputs which in turn allows us to extend our capabilities and skills. I had also referred to several case study self-help books and journals in order to develop my critical thinking skills and capability.
The case study discussed here required enormous amounts of consultancy skills for providing a comprehensive solution to its challenges. I feel that I have been able to considerably develop my consultancy skills owing to my capabilities to suggest an appropriate framework to be adopted for its employees (Hawkins, 2013). I had learned this skill from my class lectures, especially from my professor who had been a constant source of enthusiasm. I had been a careful observer and analysts, who have effectively picked up skills from class related to consultancy. However, I still feel that my capabilities in consultancy is limited which can only be enhanced through continuous practice and gaining relevant practical experience in the area.
Analyzing my consultancy skill gap, I feel that I have not effectively developed practical experience levels skills. Meaning that I need to further nurture and develop this skill level of mine in order to become a consultant in the future (Ardley & Taylor, 2010). This skill gap in consultancy can be achieved if I am able to practice on a continuous basis. I will need to refer to various journals, self-help books and case study analysis in consulting to allow me develop this skill of mine.
A reflection analysis of self is able to provide relevant areas that need to be improvised. I have been able to understand that I have already developed capability in critical thinking. Through several case study analysis and discussions undertaken in the class I have been able to develop this skill of mine. However I feel that I lag in consultancy skills. This skill level of mine can only be developed in case I practice consultancy for a period of time. Through experience based learning according to Kolb’s learning cycle, I will develop this skill of mine (Abdulwahed & Nagy, 2009). Experience based learning is a continuous process of self-learning that allows development of concepts and feelings for the area of learning. I will also maintain a personal reflective journal that I will update every 6 months in order to evaluate this skill of mine. Through continuous attending to learning this skill, I will be able to become a learned professional with consultancy skills in various areas of management.
Prior to becoming an Implementation Consultant, I will need to learn several leadership skills. In order to bring about the process of change, necessary leadership skills are required. An effective Implementation Consultant has to be a transformational leader with various qualities (Yukl, 2013). A transformational leader is a change management leader, who can envision a change and then can take necessary steps to bring about that process of change. Attributes of a transformational leader is in communicating and convincing his followers regarding the process of change. I am an effective communicator and can easily communicate with varied stakeholders within an organization, however I feel I am not an effective person who can convince another easily. I will need to develop charismatic attributes such that I am able to motivate lower level employees. A capable leader need to be able to delegate responsibilities and create and ambience of positivity around himself (Siewiorek et al, 2012). He needs to build trustworthiness with his followers such that they are comfortable in sharing their concerns. Most importantly a leader needs to have commitment and responsibility towards his followers. I feel I possess most of the qualities of being a capable leader apart from the fact that I do not have much prior experience in industry and I cannot easily convince anyone. However during my course I had exhibited quite a few characteristics of a capable team leader. This is the reason I feel that I will be able to be an effective Implementation Consultant.
Conclusion
The current case describes a deep laden management crisis within the organization. Such challenges are often difficult to gauge and requires deep critical thinking related to strategic systems. The current organization’s strategic challenge can easily be overcome in case recommendations to accommodate corporate entrepreneurship vision are present. Developing an organization climate that is conducive to accommodate innovation can allow the Company to transfer its vision into reality. While applying such a climate there will be various hurdles that will need to be analysed and overcome. Then only the organization will be able to extend itself in a competitive spirit.
Reference Lists
Abdulwahed, M. and Nagy, Z.K., 2009. Applying Kolb’s experiential learning cycle for laboratory education. Journal of engineering education, 98(3), pp.283-294.
Appelbaum, S.H., Habashy, S., Malo, J.L. and Shafiq, H., 2012. Back to the future: revisiting Kotter’s 1996 change model. Journal of Management Development, 31(8), pp.764-782.
Ardley, B. and Taylor, N., 2010. The student practitioner: Developing skills through the marketing research consultancy project. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 28(7), pp.847-861.
Aritua, B., Smith, N.J. and Bower, D., 2009. Construction client multi-projects–A complex adaptive systems perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 27(1), pp.72-79.
Fairholm, M.R. and Card, M., 2009. Perspectives of strategic thinking: From controlling chaos to embracing it. Journal of Management & Organization, 15(1), pp.17-30.
Checkland, P., 2013. Soft systems methodology. In Encyclopedia of operations research and management science (pp. 1430-1436). Springer, Boston, MA.
Cottrell, S., 2017. Critical thinking skills. Macmillan Education.
Durdyev, S., Omarov, M. and Ismail, S., 2016. SWOT Analysis of the Cambodian construction industry within the ASEAN economic community.
Ennis, R., 2011. Critical thinking: Reflection and perspective Part II. Inquiry: Critical thinking across the Disciplines, 26(2), pp.5-19.
Geraldi, J.G., 2008. The balance between order and chaos in multi-project firms: A conceptual model. International Journal of Project Management, 26(4), pp.348-356.
Gharajedaghi, J., 2011. Systems thinking: Managing chaos and complexity: A platform for designing business architecture. Elsevier.
Gupta, P., 2011. Leading innovation change-The Kotter way. International Journal of Innovation Science, 3(3), pp.141-150.
Hass, K.B. and PMP, K.B.H., 2008. Managing complex projects: A new model. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Halpern, D.F., 2013. Thought and knowledge: An introduction to critical thinking. Psychology Press.
Hanafizadeh, P. and Aliehyaei, R., 2011. The application of fuzzy cognitive map in soft system methodology. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 24(4), pp.325-354.
Hawkins, P., 2013. Coaching, mentoring and organizational consultancy: Supervision, skills and development. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Highsmith, J., 2013. Adaptive software development: a collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison-Wesley.
Latif, S.H. and Chew, B.C., 2012. Transition from Fossil to Renewable Energy: Application of Ocean Energy in Sarawak, Malaysia to Power Electrical Grid. Transition.
Mehregan, M.R., Hosseinzadeh, M. and Kazemi, A., 2012. An application of soft system methodology. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 41, pp.426-433.
Morris, M.H., Kuratko, D.F. and Covin, J.G., 2010. Corporate entrepreneurship & innovation. Cengage Learning.
Newman, M.E., 2011. Complex systems: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1112.1440.
Page, T., 2008. Soft Systems Modelling of the New Project Development Process-A Case Study. i-Manager’s Journal on Management, 3(2), p.34.
Palmberg, K., 2009. Complex adaptive systems as metaphors for organizational management. The Learning Organization, 16(6), pp.483-498.
Petkov, D., Petkova, O., Andrew, T. and Nepal, T., 2007. Mixing multiple criteria decision making with soft systems thinking techniques for decision support in complex situations. Decision Support Systems, 43(4), pp.1615-1629.
Porter, M.E., 2011. Competitive advantage of nations: creating and sustaining superior performance (Vol. 2). Simon and Schuster.
Prasetyo, H.N. and Surendro, K., 2015. Designing a data governance model based on soft system methodology (SSM) in organization. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 78(1), p.46.
Siewiorek, A., Saarinen, E., Lainema, T. and Lehtinen, E., 2012. Learning leadership skills in a simulated business environment. Computers & Education, 58(1), pp.121-135.
Sørensen, C.G., Fountas, S., Nash, E., Pesonen, L., Bochtis, D., Pedersen, S.M., Basso, B. and Blackmore, S.B., 2010. Conceptual model of a future farm management information system. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 72(1), pp.37-47.
Stacey, R., 2012. Tools and techniques of leadership and management: Meeting the challenge of complexity. Routledge.
Sutrisna, M. and Barrett, P., 2007. Applying rich picture diagrams to model case studies of construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(2), pp.164-179.
Thomas, J. and Mengel, T., 2008. Preparing project managers to deal with complexity–Advanced project management education. International journal of project management, 26(3), pp.304-315.
Turró, A., Urbano, D. and Peris-Ortiz, M., 2014. Culture and innovation: The moderating effect of cultural values on corporate entrepreneurship. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 88, pp.360-369.
Ulrich, H. and Probst, G.J. eds., 2012. Self-organization and management of social systems: Insights, promises, doubts, and questions (Vol. 26). Springer Science & Business Media.
Yukl, G.A., 2013. Leadership in organizations. Pearson Education India.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download