Understanding Prospective And Retrospective Memory Through Real-Life Situations

Task 1

Task 1.

I forgot…	PM or RM?	Reason for failure	Consequence Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper
1. I forgot to do my assignment in time	Prospective memory	I was doing my chores	I did not finish the assignment
2. I forgot what I had learned overnight before my exam	Retrospective memory	I had a lot of things in my mind	I failed my exam

Task 2.

• Convalescents experiencing traumatic brain injury

Mioni, G., Rendell, P. G., Terrett, G., & Stablum, F. (2015). Prospective memory performance in traumatic brain injury patients: a study of implementation intentions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21(4), 305-313.

• Patients suffering from Parkinson’s illness and also experience mild cognitive impairment

Costa, A., Peppe, A., Zabberoni, S., Serafini, F., Barban, F., Scalici, F., … & Carlesimo, G. A. (2015). Prospective memory performance in individuals with Parkinson’s disease who have mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 29(5), 782.

Task 3.

1. Many clients who are required to attend physiotherapy activities such as heat treatment, exercise and massage may forget to attend the therapist’s appointment (prospective memory failure) which may act as a barrier because it will derail their recovery process and/or worsen their condition. (Veras, Kairy, & Paquet, 2016)
2. The best strategy that I would recommend on these clients is the application of alerting calendars on google which will be installed on the cell phones, in that, I will be setting the dates and time of the appointments on the calendars in their phone. The phones will be alerting them whenever there is an appointment and at what time the appointment will be.
3. Many individuals seeking physiotherapy approaches require prospective memory reminders to help them with their scheduling. Besides, without the reminders, the main challenge for engaging in a prospective memory activity is that the intention requires to be triggered while the individual’s memory is simultaneously performing other continuing jobs (Evald, 2015). Therefore, reminders such as the alerting calendar on google supplies a solution to trigger the prospective job at the required time by attracting the individual’s attention and direct him/her on how and when to conduct an intention, whereby, in regards to individuals seeking physiotherapy treatment, the alerting calendar on google will provide the client with the date and time of the doctor’s appointment. Therefore, the application of alerting calendar on google on the cell phones of the clients will help them avoid memory failures in the future.
4. Alerting calendar on google which will be installed on the cell phones acts as a memory agent in that it supports the processes in the memory such as retention, encoding and retrieval (Baldwin & Powell, 2015). Besides, the tool also provides multiple reminders whereby, the user is able to increment the number of reminders which in turn, increments the probability of reminders assigned at the time the user will be available. Nonetheless, in everyday life, there are different circumstances when getting an alert notification at an inconvenient time like a busy circumstance of meeting will affect the memory processing in that it will create confusion (Ferguson, Friedland, & Woodberry, 2015). Moreover, when contemporary circumstance like location needs more time to be ready for the prospective memory job, the reminder would be altered prior to the alert. Unfortunately, alerts on google calendar lacks an adjustment function whereby the reminders can synchronize in regards to the contemporary circumstance (Aronov et al., 2015).

Task 1.  Case Study # 3 – Karen

Task 2.

Karen is experiencing panic disorder. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, for a person to be diagnosed with panic disorder he or she must manifest frequent, unanticipated attacks, ongoing fear of the outcomes of an attack and the panic attacks are not related to substance use or medication (Locke, Kirst, & Shultz, 2015). Similarly, in the case of Karen, she states that she regularly has difficulty in breathing, she experiences short breaths, dizziness, and disorientation, and she experiences shakiness and sweating. Moreover, Karen states that she feels like the air is getting thinner and she cannot breathe efficiently, she feels like she is losing her mind, and that she cannot stand still or sit. Besides, Karen expresses that she fears that these feelings will not end which makes her very distressed. Additionally, Karen narrates how she experiences pain in her chest which leads to a feeling of tightness in her chest and that her heart begins beating immensely. Karen also expresses she tries to avoid circumstances that may trigger these feelings. Besides, Karen expresses that she fears that she is going to die because of the attacks. According to (Roy-Byrne, 2018), all the feelings that Karen expresses are manifestations of a panic disorder.

Task 3.

The best therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Karen would be the application of Cognitive behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a therapeutic approach that centers on the significance of both thought and behavioral processes in comprehending and managing panic and anxiety attacks. Moreover, the center of the treatment of cognitive behavioral therapy is on obstructive, insufficient, and harming behaviors and thought processes that are irrational and lead to the contribution of the worsening of the manifestations. For instance, unmanageable worrying (thoughts) regarding what may or may not occur due to the experience of a panic attack may lead to keeping away from various situation (behavior).  In regards to Karen, her fears of dying due to the panic attacks and the fear that the feelings she is experiencing may never end makes her keep away from circumstances that may trigger these feelings (Dobson & Dobson, 2018). Rational emotive behavior therapy is an action directed psychotherapy which incorporates behavior, cognitive, and emotive procedures. Rational emotive behavior therapy assists in altering cognitive beliefs, processes, and behaviors and it is broadly utilized to treat various types of psychological issues such as mood and personality problems and also panic attacks (DiGiuseppe & David, 2015). Therefore, according to (Iftene, Predescu, Stefan, & David, 2015), cognitive behavioral therapy will effectually assist Karen in maintaining many of the manifestations of the panic disorder she is experiencing because it will focus on altering her thoughts and behaviors. Besides, rational emotive behavioral therapy will enable Karen detect and dispute irrational feelings and pessimistic thoughts that she believes were causing the psychological condition she is experiencing.

Task 2

1. Personal beliefs, values and behaviors in regards to wellbeing and health are affected by different elements like ethnicity, language, race, mental and physical capability, gender, socioeconomic status, and occupation (Betancourt et al., 2016). Thus, cultural competence in regards to nursing is broadly referred to as the capability of firms and suppliers to comprehend and integrate these elements into the supplication and organization of the healthcare facilities. Consequently, the objective of culturally competent healthcare providers is to supply the greatest care quality to every convalescent, disregarding the ethnicity, race, language proficiency or cultural background (Dunn & Andrews, 2015).  
2. I am undertaking a course in Psychology so that I can be a professional clinical psychiatrist with the aim of assisting convalescents experiencing mental health issues.
3. A patient by the name of John who is 70 years old. John is an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person who was brought to the medical facilities with his nephew because he was experiencing Schizophrenic manifestations.
4. Given that language is the crucial element of culture, ineffectual communication between the client and I can cause major failures on the client’s healthcare results. Besides, cultural and linguistic disparities are an opposition to impartial access to healthcare because indigenous individuals communicate by various dialects (Durey, McAullay, Gibson, & Slack-Smith, 2016). Besides, the lack of a speech-language pathologist will be a major barrier for administering effective communication between the client and I. Moreover, biological and physical discrepancies may also prevent the convalescent from actively engaging in the treatment approach I provide. This is because individuals tend to believe other individuals from their religion, social class, country, ethnicity, and/or share same physiological elements. Furthermore, it is very hard to enhance a comfortable and warm surrounding, a good connection and a more intimate link with an individual from a distinctly dissimilar cultural group. Moreover, the convalescent may have beliefs in the traditional medicine and may not want any therapeutic approach that will involve administration of the “western medicine”. Additionally, various researches have indicated that Australian healthcare providers do not supply equal standard of healthcare to aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders in comparison to non-aboriginal Australians (Wilson, Magarey, Jones, O’Donnell, & Kelly, 2015). Therefore, the patient may be reluctant to inquire the services because of this logic.
5. In regards to (Young et al., 2017), dealing with cultural barriers in the right way means engaging the culture of the convalescent into the provision of services, or trying to comprehend an individual’s beliefs and relating them with clinical skills, behaviors, and practices in the healthcare system. Therefore, while working with John, who is an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, I will consider his beliefs and respect his cultural values while finding the best therapeutic approach to combat the schizophrenic condition that John is experiencing. Consequently, the best actions or steps that I will take to ensure an effective care quality for John will be recruiting and/or retaining a minority staff who will be able to assist me with any communication barriers that may arise (Young et al., 2017). Besides, I will also John’s family members in any decision making regarding John’s health (Gibson et al., 2015). In addition, the family members will be able to offer support to John while he is recovering. Additionally, I will increment my working hours so that it can be able to manage John effectively. Moreover, if John applies some traditional medicines, I will coordinate with the traditional healers to find an effective way to alleviate the manifestations that John is experiencing (Gibson et al., 2015).

References

Aronov, A., Rabin, L. A., Fogel, J., Chi, S. Y., Kann, S. J., Abdelhak, N., & Zimmerman, M. E. (2015). Relationship of cognitive strategy use to prospective memory performance in a diverse sample of nondemented older adults with varying degrees of cognitive complaints and impairment. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 22(4), 486-501.

Baldwin, V. N., & Powell, T. (2015). Google Calendar: A single case experimental design study of a man with severe memory problems. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 25(4), 617-636.

Evald, L. (2015). Prospective memory rehabilitation using smartphones in patients with TBI: What do participants report?. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 25(2), 283-297.

Ferguson, S., Friedland, D., & Woodberry, E. (2015). Smartphone technology: Gentle reminders of everyday tasks for those with prospective memory difficulties post-brain injury. Brain injury, 29(5), 583-591.

Veras, M., Kairy, D., & Paquet, N. (2016). What is evidence-based physiotherapy?. Physiotherapy Canada, 68(2), 95.

DiGiuseppe, R., & David, O. A. (2015). Rational emotive behavior therapy.

Dobson, D., & Dobson, K. S. (2018). Evidence-based practice of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Guilford Publications.

Iftene, F., Predescu, E., Stefan, S., & David, D. (2015). Rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy (REBT/CBT) versus pharmacotherapy versus REBT/CBT plus pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder in youth; a randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 687-694.

Locke, A., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. American family physician, 91(9), 617-624.

Roy-Byrne, P. P. (2018). Panic disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment and diagnosis. Waltham: UpToDate Inc. https://www. uptodate. com. Accessed, 6.

Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, I. I. (2016). Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public health reports.

Dunn, D. S., & Andrews, E. E. (2015). Person-first and identity-first language: Developing psychologists’ cultural competence using disability language. American Psychologist, 70(3), 255.

Durey, A., McAullay, D., Gibson, B., & Slack-Smith, L. (2016). Aboriginal Health Worker perceptions of oral health: a qualitative study in Perth, Western Australia. International journal for equity in health, 15(1), 4.

Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., … & Brown, A. (2015). Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic review. Implementation Science, 10(1), 71.

Wilson, A., Magarey, A. M., Jones, M., O’Donnell, K. M., & Kelly, J. (2015). Attitudes and characteristics of health professionals working in Aboriginal health.

Young, C., Tong, A., Gunasekera, H., Sherriff, S., Kalucy, D., Fernando, P., & Craig, J. C. (2017). Health professional and community perspectives on reducing barriers to accessing specialist health care in metropolitan Aboriginal communities: A semi?structured interview study. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 53(3), 277-282.