Answer- Risky lifestyle is the factor which contributes towards declining the quality of life and is a result of low self-control (Svensson & Pauwels, 2017). People engage in behavior that can harm them due to the reason of suffering from disappointments, rejection and failures. They are reduced to being miserable which may be a result of extreme experiences such as physical abuse, criticism, some routine experiences such as discouragement from the family members on expression of emotions or experiences outside the home such as bullying at school (Wupperman, 2015). They suffer from depression, low self- esteem and feel uneasy if they do not have control over their environment. Therefore, they engage in behaviors that provide them pleasure for a moment so that they can avoid pain but these practices are destructive in the long run (Veague & Collins, 2009). Risky lifestyle activities include drinking, drug use, smoking cigarettes, frequenting bars and clubs, gambling and so on (Burgess, Regehr & Roberts, 2011).
Answer- Health promotion campaigns are the public health programs which communicates a broad range of health messages to the audiences through the adoption of various methods and strategies such as community development, professional education, use of paid advertising (radio, print media, television, direct mail, etc.), use of existing institutions (schools, universities, etc.), social marketing, etc. The campaigns mostly include adults and adolescents while some of the campaigns address different age classes of the population at one time. It is generally believed that the new generations (6-18 years) can be a better target since children and young people are more adaptable to change than adults and more approachable to environmental stimulus and more exposed to media. It is required to be addressed in the language which is normally understandable by the target audience of the campaign. The effectiveness of a health promotion depends upon the policies that support changes in social and physical environment by educating individuals regarding healthy practices with the help of various strategies such as leaflets, posters, events, etc. The target market must be capable of understanding the threat posed by the health problem along with having the knowledge, motivation and skill for avoiding the threat to derive the benefits of a healthy life.
Answer- The multi-dimensional concept of health specifies that there are some important dimensions of health which provide the full picture of the health of an individual and change in any one affects another (PDHPE, 2017). The dimensions of health are physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual. Health can be defined in different senses depending upon the perception, norms, social class, cultural values and religious beliefs of an individual. In a broader perspective, it relates to the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being of a person.
Physical- This dimension covers the bodily aspect of health (Wespath, 2017). It refers to optimum physical conditions with the absence of injuries and diseases. It is advantageous as a person who is physically healthy can proceed towards other respective goals in life as it is the basic requirement of performing any activity whether physical or mental.
Mental- It refers to the intellectual aspect of health. Increased mental health often results in increased physical activities. Improved mental performance also result in increased self-esteem of an individual which I turn provides confidence and improved spiritual health. On the other hand, poorer mental health or mental illness can result in lack of confidence in an individual.
Emotional- It defines the general emotional state of an individual. A good emotional health acts as an advantage by making them act more confidently in their social circle and perform various physical activities more actively. On the other hand, this dimension makes a person week physically if the emotional health is not good (MD Health, 2017).
Social- it allows a person to make and maintain strong relationships with others. Social health encourage a person towards maintain a good physical heath and brings confidence in life. On the other hand, a bad social life can completely isolate a person or make them question their purpose in life.
Spiritual- It is related to the overall purpose of an individual in life. It affects the emotional and mental health and encourages to maintain a proper prospective in life.
Answer- The ethical principles which shape decision making in medicine/nursing are respect for autonomy, fairness, justice, truthfulness, non –maleficence (not to harm) and beneficence (to do good) (Parker, 2007). In order to influence a patient from the perspective of healthcare, the knowledge of the ethical principles such as beneficence and autonomy acts an important player in the process of decision making regarding patient care. The application such principles are required to be done in an atmosphere full of openness, respect, honesty and caring. Adherence to these principles of beneficence and autonomy forms the basis of ethical decision making. The patients must be provided the required autonomy so as to enable them to make choices regarding the treatment and care irrespective of the recommendations and other medical opinions. They are also allowed to even refuse a treatment while making personal decisions regarding health care. These principles are beneficial as they are in the interest of the patients and the medical professionals and nurses and performs the function of building the trust of the patients in the health care system.
Answer- Nurses and medical professionals faces ethical dilemmas on regular basis regarding ‘what should be done’ in a patient- care situation. Ethical dilemma arises for a health care professional or a nurse when a situation is faced regarding the discharge of a homeless patient suffering from pneumonia whose condition would get worse after the discharge. In this situation the ethical principle of justice provides a way by guiding them for fair and equal treatment for all individuals while suffering from the problem of limited societal and organization financial resources (Advanced Nursing Practice Toolkit, 2017). Therefore, it is required that the healthcare dilemmas must be openly discussed among the nurses and other team members with the view to create an organizational climate where the principles of ethics can be used in a systematic manner for the purpose of decision making. The process of refining and addressing the ethical dilemmas is a part of ethical decision making. Similarly, the principles of beneficence and autonomy are considered as the foundation of the process of ethical decision making which teaches to respect the autonomy of the patients and provide them he right to make choices in terms of treatment and care irrespective of the medical opinions and recommendations (Loyola University New Orleans, 2017). In various situations such principles guide the nurses and medical professionals to solve ethical dilemmas related to whether to force the patients to make heavy payments before starting the operation or rely on the principles of non- maleficence and beneficence and not hiding any material facts from them by following principle of truthfulness.
Answer- Complementary therapies act as a means of support which is completely safe and effective. Such therapies such as acupuncture, reflexology, message, reiki and herbal medicines are more cost-effective than the conventional medication alone. They are grounded on the interaction between the body, mind and energy systems and therefore are found useful for the purpose of treating conditions such as insomnia, migraine, asthma and stress. Complementary therapies are considered effective due to the fact that it helps in attaining and upholding good health and relaxes the disappointment received from the conventional medical practices and poor doctor-patient relations (Better Health, 2017). Also, the results of complementary therapies are subjective rather than being objective, such as increased survival time of the patients. The patients are continually examined throughout the course of their illness through the use of complementary therapy (Care Search, 2017).
There is a very minor difference between complementary and alternative therapies. When therapies or treatment are done together with a conventional medicine, it is known as complementary medicine since the both the practices complement each other. On the other hand, when the use of only alternative therapy or medicine is made or when it is used as a replacement for conventional medicine then it is referred to as alternative therapy.
Answer- The concept of health belief model specifies that the health behavior of an individual is governed and determined by the perception and personal beliefs regarding a disease and the various policies available to reduce its occurrence. In other words, health belief model is a psychological model which makes frequent attempts. Four perceptions were considered as the main constructs of the model: perceived seriousness, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and perceived susceptibility. Some more constructs have been added to the model for its expansion in order to include motivating factors, cues to action and self- efficacy. Some identified areas where the application of health belief model is made include preventive health behavior and health risk behaviors as well as contraceptive practices and vaccination, sick role behaviors and clinic role including the visits of physicians for various reasons (University of Twente, 2017). As far as Becker et al 1977 is concerned, preventive behaviors were initially aimed by the model but with the passage of time it was extended to find out the correlates of health service usage and loyalty to medical advice. The formula for the overall behavioral evaluation was not developed and therefore it was acclaimed that the perceived benefits were weighted against perceived barriers (Charles, 2015).
Answer- Perception of severity or seriousness defines the belief of an individual with regard to the seriousness of a disease. Such perception is based on medical information or knowledge or it may depend upon the belief a person has regarding the difficulties created by such disease and their effects in his/her life. Accordingly, the behavior of the individual towards their health is changed. Perception of susceptibility or personal risk encourages people to adopt healthier behavior when they are at risk for a disease and take steps in order to prevent it from happening. When people do not find themselves at risk or low risk of susceptibility, unhealthy behavior tends to exist (Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2017). Perceived benefits encourage an individual to adopt healthier practices by the way of adopting a new behavior which will significantly result in reducing the risk of developing a disease. Similarly, a perceived barrier amounts to the evaluation of hurdles in the way of adopting a new behavior and act as the most significant factor in determining behavior change. For the purpose of adopting a new behavior, an individual need to establish a belief that the advantages of such new behavior outweigh the consequences of continuing the old behavior. Moreover, health motivation encourages an individual to adopt healthy practices for acquiring the benefits that will emerge in the long run and therefore change their behavior towards health (Gochman, 2013).
References
Advanced Nursing Practice Toolkit. 2017. Ethical principles, [Online]. Available at: https://www.advancedpractice.scot.nhs.uk/legal-and-ethics-guidance/what-is-ethics/ethical-principles.aspx [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Better Health. 2017. Complementary therapies, [Online]. Available at: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/complementary-therapies?viewAsPdf=true [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Burgess, A. W., Regehr, C. and Roberts, A. R. 2011. Victimology: Theories and Applications. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Care Search. 2017. Complementary Therapies. [Online]. Available at: https://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/1258/Default.aspx [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Charles, A. 2015. The Health Belief Model, [Online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290193215_The_Health_Belief_Model [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Gochman, D. S. 2013. Handbook of Health Behavior Research II: Provider Determinants. Springer Science & Business Media.
Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2017. Health Belief Model, [Online]. Available at: https://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763743836/chapter%204.pdf [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Loyola University New Orleans. 2017. Top Ethical Issues in Nursing, [Online]. Available at: https://elearning.loyno.edu/masters-nursing-degree-online/resource/ethical-issues-in-nursing [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
MD Health. 2017. Seven Dimensions of Health, [Online]. Available at: https://www.md-health.com/Dimensions-Of-Health.html [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Parker, F. 2007. Ethics: The Power of One. OJIN: Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol 13(1).
PDHPE. 2017. Dimensions of health, [Online]. Available at: https://www.pdhpe.net/better-health-for-individuals/what-does-health-mean-to-individuals/meanings-of-health/dimensions-of-health/ [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Svensson, R. and Pauwels, L. J. R. 2017. Risky Lifestyles and Self-Control, [Online]. Available at: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_4036 [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
University of Twente. 2017. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL, [Online]. Available at: https://www.utwente.nl/en/bms/communication-theories/sorted-by-cluster/Health%20Communication/Health_Belief_Model/ [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Veague, H. B. and Collins, C. 2009. Cutting and Self-Harm. Infobase Publishing.
Wespath. 2017. FIVE DIMENSIONS OF WELL-BEING, [Online]. Available at: https://www.wespath.org/center-for-health/resources/five-dimensions-of-health/ [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
Wupperman, P. 2015. Understanding Self-Destructive (Dysregulated) Behaviors, [Online]. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beyond-self-destructive-behavior/201512/understanding-self-destructive-dysregulated-behaviors [Accessed on: 29 November 2017].
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