Discuss about the Understanding Social Behaviour.
The essay deals with the social issue related to the effectiveness of self-efficacy. According to Schwarzer (2014), self-efficacy can be considered as the ability of an individual to achieve something in life. The belief of an individual is based on the Social Cognitive Theory. Self-efficacy allows individuals to attempt any work that they feel can be achieved. Most individuals tend to avoid the works that cannot be achieved and which produces challenges to an individual. The essay discusses the ways by which theoretical assumptions can be related to the self-efficacy intervention for assisting adolescents to cope up with losses suffered in sports competition. Win and loss are two outcomes that are faced by individuals in the competitive world (Farmer and Tierney 2017). In the world of sports, a loss for an individual may prove to be a major factor for the decline in self-confidence. People with high efficacy set challenging goals and ensure that a strong commitment is maintained. In the moments of failure, sustainability of efforts is done in order to be successful. Success or failure of an individual depends upon the physical and emotional state of an individual. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of self-efficacy in the field of sports for adolescent individuals.
The issue identified in the article deals with the ways by which individuals cope up with loss during sports. Self-efficacy during loss decreases with the morale of an individual. This is mainly because of the fact that taking new challenges and achieving the challenges help in maintaining the self-efficacy of a person (Maddux 2013). Hence, in competitive sports, self-efficacy proves to be a major factor for the success of an individual. Winning and losing exist in sports. In order to be successful, it is necessary that individual face losses in a positive manner. According to Antoncic, Auer-Antoncic and Aaltonen (2016), certain ways exist which can boost the self-efficacy of an individual. These ways can be implemented immediately after suffering a loss or can be implemented in order to prevent loss. It is the duty of the concerned parents, coaches or teachers to ensure that the spirit of the sportsperson is not dampened due after suffering a loss. In this regard, the success thought proposed by Bandura can be used effectively. Positive thoughts help about bringing positive impact on the minds of the people. Hence, the results of losing in a competitive environment can help in the proper analysis of the self-efficacy that exists in an individual.
According to Ross, Perkins and Bodey (2016), theoretical implications of the self-efficacy among an individual is influenced by the existence of four factors. These factors can be implemented effectively in order to influence people to remain competitive in the field of sports. The application of the mastery experience is considered as the best way to boost the self-efficacy of an individual. These people tend to believe that a new experience can be gained if the work done by the individual is similar to a work that has already been done previously. This helps in ensuring that the chances of succeeding are more for the individual. Practising can help in the proper mastering of a task. In the same way, excess practice in the specialised field can help in ensuring that an individual does not have to suffer from loss (Shank and Cotten 2014). This is an important lesson that can be provided to the youth pursuing sports in order to increase the self-efficacy. This can be provided as a vicarious learning to the individuals by the coaches. The instructions given by the coaches can provide the difference between winning and losing in sports. Hence, the self-efficacy also depends upon the instructions provided by the coaches (Hsu, Wiklund and Cotton 2017).
In the field of sports, verbal persuasion of the coaches increases the self-efficacy of an individual. This is mainly because the coaches shout out instructions that may help an individual who is performing badly to improve the level of the game. The use of tactics can help an individual or team improve n the performance that they currently have and ensure that the self-efficacy improves. Proper influential talk can motivate a team and help in improving the performance (Butz and Usher 2015). In this context, negative factors may also be involved in the verbal persuasion cannot be effective. For example, putting doubts on an individual may hamper the performance and ensure that the self-efficacy of the person dampens. Despite this negative factor, verbal persuasion is considered as the most effective theory that is applied in order to improve the self-efficacy of an individual. The emotional state of an individual can also affect the self-efficacy level. With the increased awareness of the people, the effectiveness of a performance can also be affected. In the case of sportsmen, the awareness about the presence of a family member in the stadium can have a negative impact on the performance of an individual (Ahn, Bong and Kim 2017). This is mainly due to the awareness to perform better creates extra pressure on the people.
The research questions based on the analysis of the article are based on the problems that the authors are trying to identify. The focus of the article is to identify the self-efficacy among youth after suffering from a loss in a sporting event. In order to identify the effectiveness in a proper manner, the 111 participants of both genders were taken into consideration. The participants were sportspeople ranging from ages 11 to 17 years of age. Most of the participants involved themselves in the soccer and netball games in Australia. According to Schwarzer, Antoniuk and Gholami (2015), the self-efficacy of the individuals can be measured based on the factors that affect the theoretical implications of the topic. The reason behind choosing netball and soccer players was mainly because of the involvement of the coaches can be measured in order to identify the level of improvement in the self-efficacy of the individuals. Hence, apart from the original result that was derived from the test, the involvement of the coaches is another factor that can also be analysed based on the theoretical implications. Hence, the difference between winning and losing can be calculated based on the application of the theoretical concept associated with the involvement of the coaches.
According to Woods (2015), the difference of emotion that exists between men and women can be considered in order to identify the fluctuation in the self-efficacy level. This is mainly because of the fact that the emotions of individuals may prove to be a decisive factor leading to the improvement in the self-efficacy of an individual. Although, in the article, the major difference between the male and female participants have not been identified. Further studies may prove the fact that the emotional stability of male and female participants may prove to be a decisive factor in the self-efficacy among the sportsperson. Hence, an opportunity for further development can be identified in order to ensure that the emotional stability of individuals does not affect the self-efficacy level among sportsmen. LaForge-MacKenzie, Sullivan and Marini (2015) stated that a major loss in a game might result in the breakdown of emotions for both genders. However, the emotional stability of a female participant may be less than that of a male participant. Hence, it can be said that self-efficacy of an individual may decrease given the unstable emotional condition that one may suffer because of the loss in a game that has been suffered by the sportsmen.
Joseph et al. (2014) stated that the kind of thought that a person undergoes after encountering defeat could lead to the loss of self-efficacy. This is mainly because of the fact that the thoughts that normally occur after a loss is the incompetence of an individual. In this regard, the effective coaching and instruction of the coaches and teachers can result in increasing the morale and self-efficacy of the person. At times, it can be seen that mare participation in the game can lead to positive self-efficacy for an individual. This is because; most people are satisfied with participating in a game and improving the skill level in order to enhance the quality of performance in the future. On the other hand, Warner et al. (2014) observed that the loosing in a game leads to the decline in self-efficacy, irrespective of the participation level in the game. Both the scenarios ensure that the individuals develop themselves in order to improve the level of participation and the contribution level in the game. Hence, it can be said that the involvement in a game can lead to the improvement of self-efficacy of an individual. Thus, participation is another manner by which sportsmen can improve self-efficacy in the field of sports.
In the light of this analysis, it can be said that the article provides an in-depth knowledge about the factors that lead to the loss of self-efficacy among young sportspeople. The effectiveness of the satisfaction that is derived from the sports can be considered as a major factor for the improvement of self-efficacy. However, Feltz and Oncu (2014) stated that the participation and result that is derived from the game produces the maximum increase in the self-efficacy of the individuals. Hence, it is important for the coaches to maintain the discipline and ensure that the self-efficacy of the people is maintained in a positive manner. In this regard, it can be said that the theories related to self-efficacy can be used in an effective manner while describing the contribution of coaches and instructors (Williams, 2015). In addition to the research already done by the article, it can be said that the factors and theories of self-efficacy can be analysed in order to identify the basic ways by which the self-efficacy of an individual can be enhanced. Hence, the future research questions that can be based on the topic needs to be focused on the effective improvement in the factors that result in the self-efficacy of an individual.
Thus, it can be concluded that self-efficacy is one of the most important factors that help in motivating an individual. Sportspeople need to be emotionally stable in order to improve the self-efficacy and maintain a positive attitude that can help in gaining success in the competitive world. The manner in which an individual can develop self-efficacy can depend upon the attitude of the person in accepting defeat. It has been established in the article that a loss in a game often leads to the decline of self-efficacy and morale of an individual. Hence, the application of theories and the manner in which coaches can inspire the people can help in ensuring that the participation and success of an individual increase. Thus, the contribution of every individual is necessary for maintaining the self-efficacy among sportspeople.
References
Ahn, H.S., Bong, M. and Kim, S.I., 2017. Social models in the cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy information. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 48, pp.149-166.
Antoncic, B., Auer-Antoncic, J. and Aaltonen, H.M., 2016. Marketing self-efficacy and firm creation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(1), pp.90-104.
Butz, A.R. and Usher, E.L., 2015. Salient sources of early adolescents’ self-efficacy in two domains. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 42, pp.49-61.
Farmer, S.M. and Tierney, P., 2017. Considering creative self-efficacy: Its current state and ideas for future inquiry. The Creative Self: Effect of Beliefs, Self-Efficacy, Mindset, and Identity, p.23.
Feltz, D.L. and Oncu, E., 2014. Self-confidence and self-efficacy. Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology, pp.417-419.
Hsu, D.K., Wiklund, J. and Cotton, R.D., 2017. Success, Failure, and Entrepreneurial Reentry: An Experimental Assessment of the Veracity of Self?Efficacy and Prospect Theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), pp.19-47.
Joseph, R.P., Royse, K.E., Benitez, T.J. and Pekmezi, D.W., 2014. Physical activity and quality of life among university students: exploring self-efficacy, self-esteem, and affect as potential mediators. Quality of life research, 23(2), pp.659-667.
LaForge-MacKenzie, K., Sullivan, P.J. and Marini, M., 2015. Differences in self-efficacy and performance as a result of attentional focus in a continuous running task. Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport, 47(1), p.92.
Maddux, J.E. ed., 2013. Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application. Springer Science & Business Media.
Ross, M., Perkins, H. and Bodey, K., 2016. Academic motivation and information literacy self-efficacy: The importance of a simple desire to know. Library & information science research, 38(1), pp.2-9.
Schwarzer, R. ed., 2014. Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Taylor & Francis.
Schwarzer, R., Antoniuk, A. and Gholami, M., 2015. A brief intervention changing oral self?care, self?efficacy, and self?monitoring. British journal of health psychology, 20(1), pp.56-67.
Shank, D.B. and Cotten, S.R., 2014. Does technology empower urban youth? The relationship of technology use to self-efficacy. Computers & Education, 70, pp.184-193.
Warner, L.M., Schüz, B., Wolff, J.K., Parschau, L., Wurm, S. and Schwarzer, R., 2014. Sources of self-efficacy for physical activity. Health Psychology, 33(11), p.1298.
Williams, D.M., 2015. A critique of the self-efficacy concept: implications for interpretation of self-efficacy research. European Health Psychologist, 17(S), p.447.
Woods, R., 2015. Social issues in sport. Human Kinetics.
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