Gender hierarchy is a part of gender studies that explains the reason why the men have a superior position than women and this influences the groups and the society as a whole. In the formation of gender hierarchy and the classes of gender, race plays an important role that intersects with the. Race is a complex trait that includes the social dimensions that have an impact in the formation of gender hierarchies underpinning in the society. Race and ethnicity are not the biologically based entities rather a human variability construction that is perceived through differences in the physical appearance, biology and behavior. Therefore, the following essay deals with the understanding of the formation of gender hierarchies in the society and role of race in the formation of gender hierarchies.
There is a strong connection between race and gender that defines the phenomenon of gendered race that affect the personal and societal decisions. According to social construction theory, gender hierarchy is socially constructed and that leads to unequal power and prestige distribution between the men and women. Gender itself talk about difference that is a product of social construction reinforcing through socialization process. These gender differences appear in the hierarchy that leads to life inequalities and life choices. According to Carnaghi et al. (2014) Spatial Agency Bias (SAB) envision that there are more agentic men groups to the left of the less than the women agentic groups. The research showed the social status role in the gender couples spatial representation. The gender-status information provided by the research showed that the participants favor the target that have female over male rather than male over female. The female and male order was favored where the female had a high job status than male having low-job status. This shows that gender hierarchy is present in the space and stereotype change in the practical applications.
According to Sjoberg (2015) there is intimate war witnessed in the everyday life as domestic violence. There are many feminists who have experienced war and as a constant presence as narrated by Rachel Pain in both depth and ambition. She suggests that seeing war in intimate relationships has emotional and psychological effects that wound their daily life and have no meaning in their life. Moreover, the domestic violence is a discourse of religion, sexuality and race that is torturous and killable. In the axes of feminization, there is inequality seen in the class, race, religion and nationality articulated in the intimate war of Pain’s presentation. The feminization is a tool of subordination where the female body is mapped in an unequal manner and they are subjected to intimate war or domestic violence. According to Puar and Rai (2002) discussed in their paper about the gender and sexuality have an impact on the war on terrorism in the current scenario. The article demonstrates the analysis of the abnormal to monsters in the society. According to Foucault in the article, monster is half animal and considered to be a hybrid gender. They mentioned that terrorists have improper psychological reasoning and inconsistent mothering and put let emphasis on the political motivators. It is precisely stated in the terrorism studies that the terrorism is intended to reduce the historical, social and political dynamics to the psychic causes that are rooted in one’ childhood and family dynamics.
According to Connell (2001) the concept of gender is used to organize the social practices and it is not limited to isolate actions rather a social pattern being a product of history. He argued that in the last two centuries, in the rise of gender politics where the male group sustain the dominant and privileged position in the society and the female groups is undermined in the existing power relation structure. Patriarchy in which the men hold the political, financial and masculinity politics is not only a personal identity matter, but, also related to social justice. Hegemonic masculinity’s superiority is a part of gender order theory by Connell that recognizes the legitimized dominant position of men that justifies women being the subordinates in the society. It depicts that men hold social roles that are dominant over the women in the gender identities and in the society. According to Liddle (2016) there is race politics along with the gender politics that is witnessed in the society. Apart from gender, race also plays a role in the gender hierarchy formation. In this paper, it is illustrated that racism has also incorporated in the gender hierarchy. There are many movements and protests that depict women fight for their rights. In the paper by Liddle (2016) an Aboriginal child who was born in Canberra was involved in the politics from a very young age. She was surrounded by protests that were associated with race and gender politics. Issues of gender and racism that depicts feminism contribute to gender hierarchy that defines the Aboriginal feminism as illustrated by the child. The white and black patriarchy is seen and Aboriginal women feel excluded from the mainstream feminism and lack of racial diversity prevailed in the society.
According to a report by The Guardian (2017), stated that the Donald Trump age is propelled by the angry white men power as witnessed by the sociologist Michael Kimmel (theguardian.com 2017). It is right of masculinity in the movements and how they are influenced to get into these movements. He explains that there is one notion that make the Angry White Men join these movements is the masculinity that drive these men to the shooting spheres and far-right groups that is deeply rooted in the humiliation. In contrary, women also fight for their rights, especially the women belonging to the ethnic groups subjected to racism and feminism. This has led to the development of race and gender politics in the society where the women leaders lead these movements and fight for their rights. Rudman et al. (2012) stated in their paper that women leaders by fighting for their rights against racism and gender bias risk their economical and social penalties and defends the gender hierarchy. The status incongruity hypothesis (SIH) states that the agentic women are penalized for violating the status and in the process defends the gender hierarchy. There were five studies and it was concluded that through backlash, it is possible to preserve the male dominance in the society by the reinforcement of control and power in double standards. There is a perceived conflict between the gender roles and leadership of a woman.
Racism is greatly witnessed in the context of the Black community where the Black women fight for their civil rights and against the male dominance in the gender hierarchy. Several protests have been witnessed that highlighted the importance of the feminism and prevailing male dominance in the society. According to a news report by Vox (2017) there was Women’s March in Washington where the concept of intersectional feminism evoked led by four groups of women (vox.com 2017). This movement was done in an unofficial manner to send a message to the President Donald J. Trump about women rights that would counterbalance the persona; and political values in Washington. According to Beal (2008) to be a wwoman and Black is a double jeopardy. In the course of racism in the gender hierarchy, the Black women in America are being abruptly crushed and destroyed the humanity of the Blacks. There is outrageous assault on Black child, woman and man who resides in America. There is a continuous creation of situation where Black race is subjected to disruption and make it impossible for the Blacks to gain employment.
There are many aspects in literature that have presented the revolutionary actions of the women for their rights through love poems. Sykes (1988) had written love poems that illustrated the struggles of the Blacks for life and death and the oppression of the Blacks by the Whites in the society. It is unsurprisingly rejected as it was stated that the poems were unfamiliar that presented the unfamiliar people as a part of the society. These poems showed an expression of the Black women residing in a hostile and alien society and their life experiences that speaks about their revolution. Baron-Cohen (2010) mentioned about the female and male brains where people think that there are inherent differences and defined it as neurosexism. There are delusions of gender where the men and women are presented with different interests. There are differences in their minds that are exaggerated and faults that have different skills in understanding and interests. Rather, the environmental and societal factors influence their minds and not the biological factors (Fine 2010).
Apart from women oppression and fights, there are fights for rights for the lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender individuals as they lack social identity. According to Brown (1970) lesbians are the rage of women and their needs bring painful conflict with the other people, their thinking and society as a whole. The society is putting political implications as well as oppression and limitations on her basic female role in the society. Stone (2004) book is a direct response to the stereotypical male accounts that constitute women in terms of dress, make-up and body structure and journey of transsexuals from male to female or vice-versa. Fausto-Sterling (2001) also stated that the two sexes are not enough and intersex is a way to illuminate it. She also explained that the law, state and the medical systems are responsible for the construction and maintenance of the two-sex binary. According to David (2017) examined the production of the new regimes of the visibility and value of transgender in the society that give rise to transgender issues and capital flows within the markets of neoliberalism.
References
Baron-Cohen, S., 2010. Delusions of gender—’neurosexism’, biology and politics. The Psychologist, 23(11), pp.904-905.
Beal, F.M., 2008. Double jeopardy: to be black and female. Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, 8(2), pp.166-176.
Brown, R.M., 1970. The woman-identified woman. The Ladder, 74(11-12), pp.6-8.
Carnaghi, A., Piccoli, V., Brambilla, M. and Bianchi, M., 2014. Gender hierarchy in the space: The role of gender status in shaping the spatial agency bias. The Journal of social psychology, 154(2), pp.105-114.
Connell, R.W., 2001. The social organization of masculinity.
David, E., 2017. Capital T Trans Visibility, Corporate Capitalism, and Commodity Culture. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, 4(1), pp.28-44.
Fausto-Sterling, A., 2001. The Five Sexes, Revisited.
Fine, C., 2010. Delusions of gender: How our minds, society, and neurosexism create difference. WW Norton & Company.
Liddle, C., 2016. The brogressives. Agenda, 24, p.27.
Puar, J.K. and Rai, A., 2002. Monster, terrorist, fag: The war on terrorism and the production of docile patriots. Social Text, 20(3), pp.117-148.
Rudman, L.A., Moss-Racusin, C.A., Phelan, J.E. and Nauts, S., 2012. Status incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), pp.165-179.
Sjoberg, L., 2015. Intimacy, warfare, and gender hierarchy. Political Geography, (44), pp.74-76.
Stone, S., 2004. The” Empire” strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto (p. 11). University of Texas. Department of Radio, Television and Film.
Sykes, B., 1988. Love Poems: And Other Revolutionary Actions. International Specialized Book Services.
theguardian.com (2017). ‘Angry white men’: the sociologist who studied Trump’s base before Trump. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/27/michael-kimmel-masculinity-far-right-angry-white-men [Accessed 8 Jun. 2017].
vox.com (2017). To understand the Women’s March on Washington, you need to understand intersectional feminism. [online] Vox. Available at: https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/1/17/14267766/womens-march-on-washington-inauguration-trump-feminism-intersectionaltiy-race-class [Accessed 8 Jun. 2017].
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