Over the past two decades, the population living in tremendous poverty has decreased worldwide despite the prolonged impact of the economic crisis that was experienced in the year 2008 as well as the worldwide recession. Currently, the developing countries comprise of 34 percent of the middle class population with employment, a population that has trebled amid 1991 and 2015. However, the world I experiencing a slow economic growth with widening inequalities and insufficient jobs to sustain the population. The international labor organization reported that in 2015, at least 204 million individuals were jobless (Mawdsley, 2015 p.339-358).
The United Nations (UN) initiated sustainable development goals (SDGs) with the aim of achieving economic growth and decent work. The Global Goals are a worldwide call to act against poverty, sustain peace and prosperity and protect the planet. The SDGs enhance higher degrees of productivity, catalyze economic growth, and encourage technological growth and innovation. Inspiring entrepreneurship and enhancing jobs creation are the core to eradicate slavery, human trafficking and forced labor (Tangcharoensathien et al, 2015 p.101). With all the goals in mind, the vision is to attain full and industrious employment and decent work for all without gender discrimination by 2030.
The world has transformed tremendously since the United Nations (UN) was established. There has been enormous growth in the number of state actors and non-state actors and their diversity as well, as compared to the situation by 1945 (Frey, 2017 p.1164-1184). The nature and levels of threats towards global security have also been increasing. Consequently, the increasing number and varieties of actors in global affairs have to grow with the rising number, complexity of matters, range in the rising networked, fragmented and deeply intertwined world.
To uphold peace in the societies, the SDGs ought to reinforce investment in secure societies centered on equitable norms (Rai et al, 2018 p.368-380). The extra focus is to end conflicts that emerge from the extraction of resources and militarization which results to a violation of human rights and displacement the focus of the UN is to minimize military spending, demilitarizing oceans and lands, acknowledgement of minorities by the states and offer equal rights for all. The aim is to reduce the fatalities caused by violence and reduce the number of individuals that suffer as a result of violence. To achieve this goal, the United Nations has created unionized peace keeping programs through the UN Peacekeeping.
According to Mitchel et al (1997 p. 853-882) “The principle of what really counts rely on the assumption that managers pay a particular attention to several classes of stakeholders to achieve a particular goal and also, the perceptions of managers decide the salience of stakeholders”. Moreover, several classes of stakeholders can be identified depending on the possession of either of the attributes of urgency, power and legitimacy. Conceptually and logically, possession of such attributes by stakeholders can be identified reliably upon further empirical and methodological work. The analysis is crucial in identifying and justifying the entities who should be considered as stakeholders of a particular corporate, and also provides the set which managers can use in selecting the entities who can be considered as salient. According to the model illustrated in figure 1, the entities without urgency, power and legitimacy in the firm cannot be considered as stakeholders and such entities have no salience as per the firm managers.
Figure 1: Shows the model for mapping stakeholders by Mitchel et al (1997, p.873).
There also several propositions resulting to the theory of salience among stakeholders. In one proposition, the salience of a stakeholder will depend on the cumulative sum of stakeholders’ attributes. Latent stakeholders are the low salient stakeholders and the possess one of the three attributes. The moderate salient are identified by attributed possession two attributes. The highly salient class of stakeholders possess all the three attributes of power, urgency and legitimacy.
The Stakeholder concept was developed among various corporates as a result of growing competition around the environments in which businesses operate. “The business activities have become complex with the globalization of commercial activities” according to Jackson (2015, p.350-367). The stakeholder theory is applied in business, politics, ethics, and sociology. This has rendered an increase in the number of stakeholders that the corporates require to consider and interrelate with around the marketplace, business networks, and the society. The stakeholder model is as illustrated in figure 2.
Figure 2: Shows the illustration of Stakeholders model in an organization.
In a step to secure the rule of law and human rights by the UN, the process would be enhanced through involvement of state and non-state stakeholders to implement the measures that would prevent the abuse of human rights through goals to eliminate forced marriage for children, honour killings, female genital mutilation and other unfriendly traditional customs. The rule of law can be achieved through availing confident justice practices for all, especially the most vulnerable (Mawdsley, 2015 p.339-358.). Consistent and strengthened legal systems with universal standards of human rights are important for better economic, cultural and social rights. The Office of the High Commission for Human Rights (OHCHR) works to support the diverse human rights through various bodies in the UN system. Such bodies include the Human Rights Council and other mechanisms created through global human rights agreements.
In taking conservation measures towards sustainable use of water resources, the UN has allied various stakeholders through the High Sea Alliance. The aim is to inspire sufficient, small and large scale fisheries and to protect water resources including locations without any national jurisdiction. The women contribution in fisheries has been encouraged by the UN in both developing and developed countries as marine care and consumption process need to advocate for equal participation of gender in transforming the modern economy. The stand-alone SGDs for seas and oceans delegations have been supported by the UN in the process of preserving the major global life-support resources which is a key source of food, wealth, medicine, and recreational reserves (Santos et al, 2015 p.36-58).
The UN, in achieving decent work and economic growth promotes environmentally and socially sustainable cities and towns through the United Nations Human Settlement Program (UN-Habitat). The UN-Habitat envisions well-governed, well-planned and efficient human settlements with sufficient housing, clean water, proper infrastructures, and employment sites. The UN-Habitat cooperates with High commissioner of human rights to enhance the notion of sustainable urban growth that includes the protection of vulnerable groups, and uphold the rule of law. The goal of human settlements and sustainable cities has been developed in all kinds of settlements such as cities, towns, villages, metropolitan regions and districts. The aim is to ensure that basic human rights on housing are met.
The sustainable development agenda of 2030 resolved that the UN inter-agency mission team will incorporate 10 congresses of civil society, the scientific community and the private sector of the multi-stakeholder unity on technology, science, and innovation as well as operationalization of the online forum. The team will function in their personal capacity and independence and shall have international recognition in their areas of excellence. The participants who have demonstrated the capability to effectively collaborate with the associates of the civil society and the scientific community will work with a great level of representatives comprising of all sectors on the road to attaining policy development.
To achieve the worldwide partnership for sustainable growth, on behalf of indigenous people, women, NGOs, and other diverse stakeholders, the UN calls for some core principles and conceptual relations. The method of implementation should address mobilization of technology and financial resources, and the global architecture, namely the financial framework and global trade, which highlights the ability of states to use such resources to achieve the goal of sustainable development. All the different segments of the society such as youths, women, the poor, elderly, indigenous people, and the small stakeholders must be involved in all methods of mobilization towards technology and development (Kieny et al, 2017 p.537.).
Education on business and management is very crucial in enhancing the skills and approaches of the future commercial leaders and can form influential drivers of commercial sustainability (Godemann et al, 2014 p.16-23.). The Principle of Responsible Management Education (PRME) was established by the UN in 2007 during the worldwide leaders’ forum in Geneva. Since then, it has become the biggest organized correlation between the business institutions and the United Nations. The aim of PRME is to foster business and management training, research on leadership globally, at the same time creating awareness concerning SDGs and developing future business leaders.
The PRME, as a body involved in the expansion of present and future managers, has established the core principles that will guide them towards implementation and progress. The purpose is to develop competences amongst learners to be the future drivers of sustainable significance for commerce and the society and action towards a global economy and sustainable growth. The program will incorporate organizational practices and suitable curricula into the academic accomplishments as stipulated in worldwide initiatives like the UN Global Compact.
The method that will be used to achieve the goal is through the creation of educational outlines, processes, materials, and a conducive environment that favors effective learning practices for responsible management (Burchell et al, 2015 p.479-497). The PRME body will initiate empirical and conceptual research that advocates understanding about dynamics of leadership, role, and the value of corporations in the development of economic, social and environmental values. Moreover, the body will interact with business managers of corporations to share knowledge of the problem in accomplishing environmental and social responsibilities and to jointly study the effective tactics towards resolving the problems. Finally, PRME will work towards facilitating dialogue between the students, educators, government, business, media, consumers, interest groups and civil society establishments.
The only way to eradicate poverty is through the creation of satisfactory jobs (Hibbert and Cunliffe, 2015 p.177-188). A population approaching 2.3 billion people are living below the 1.90 US Dollar margin. The sum of the jobless population is still high and by 2017, at least 192 million people were reported jobless by ILO. At least 470 million employments are needed worldwide in order to increase the working population worldwide, translating to 30 million jobs per year between 2016 and 2030. Apart from jobs creation, there is also an urgency to improve the jobs situations for more than 783 million individuals who are currently employed, but not able to earn sufficient money to sustain themselves and the families who depend on them. The situation of girls and women also requires to be amended by offering equal rights to access opportunities in the job sectors.
The community acquires more benefits when there are more productive individuals who can contribute to the growth of their country. Decent work and a productive employment are the core elements that could be used in the attainment of impartial globalization and poverty eradication (Di Ruggiero et al, 2015 p.120-127). In many countries, poverty has contributed to unrest, leading to situations that disrupt peace. Decent work by the UN PRME ensures equal opportunities for all to work in productive sectors and brings peace around the working place, a reasonable income, social integration, and better prospects for individual development. It is also crucial that all women and men be offered with equal opportunities inside the economic sectors. A prolonged absence of decent work, under-consumption, and insufficient investments could lead to the destruction of critical social bond surrounding the democratic citizens.
The PRME Offers the young population favorable opportunities to transformation to decent employments appeals for investment in education and coaching of the decent level (Dyllick, 2015 p.16-33). This will give the youths with skills demanded in the labor market and also provide them access to societal protection as well as elementary services. The United Nations governance committee can help to create a sustainable, dynamic, innovative, community-centered economies, and decent work in particular. The local communities and authorities can plan and renew their urbans and human settlements in order to build social cohesion and most importantly, enhance innovation that could lead to employment creation (Oldekop et al, 2016 p.55-82).
Recommendations on how corporates can achieve decent work and economic growth using PRME
One way a corporate could achieve the goal of decent work and economic growth is through education of all stakeholders in the goal in order to achieve income equality in the societies (Wilkinson et al, 2010 p 1-15). According to Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson, most challenges that can be associated with life in the present developed community can be tracked by one common source. The common cause they have highlighted has the capacity to create a healthier society, where individuals have mutual trust, where children are educated, where there is minimum violence, where the drug consumption of drugs, and where mental illness among people is reduced. While millions are being spent to solve each of these challenges individually, the results are always questionable and there is one resolution that can solve all of them simultaneously. This is through balancing of incomes among citizens.
For every individual to become better, there is a need for education in order to improve their managerial and operational skills. The greatness of a nation relies on how it treats its feeblest population (Kumar et al, 2016 p.1). Among some developed countries, there have been plans for the government to provide aid towards educating the poorest people in the community to save them from the horrible effects of lack, while availing equal opportunities through entrepreneurship and
The emphasis of social mobility and safety net initiatives is to try to reduce the big gap that exist between the rich and the poor. They accomplish this by ensuring the growth of satisfactory income individuals as a method of eradicating poverty (Krueger, 2018 p. 25-33). The notion is to trickle down the wealth from the rich through higher taxation and spend the revenues in financing programs that could help in improving the life standards of the poor. Thus, there is a need for corporate and government to install measures that will facilitate equality between the poor population and the rich population in the society. Inequality results to not only the worst outcomes for the poor, but for everybody in general (George et al, 2016 p.1880). Taking measures that bolster equality can ensure that all people are doing better and living a better life.
Strategic research is crucial in strengthening national, regional, international and local partnerships and intermingling experienced researchers to refer to subjects that define the fate of national and worldwide community. The research will help in creating a better plan on critical issues about political, social and economic developments. The research focus on creating a healthy society, managing food security, environment and water, enhancing international business relations, and advising the governments on means of improving employability in their nations. Furthermore, to catalyze the achievement of decent work and economic growth, there is a need for more research on ways of improving financial security.
In 2017, the Financial Security Program (FSP) together with the Economic Opportunities programs (EOP) united forces to enhance activities that will re-shape the financial and labor markets. The consequence was a meeting of the Economic Security Summit, with the focus of re-joining work and wealth and also intermingling business management processes for efficient management of finances. They established a need to counteract the challenges that lead to growing levels of financial insecurity as well as wealth and income inequality (Del Mar et al, 2015 p.144-154).
Conclusion
The United Nations (UN) initiated sustainable development goals (SDGs) with the aim of achieving economic growth and decent work. The world has transformed tremendously since the United Nations (UN) was established. The business activities have become complex with the globalization of commercial activities. The stakeholder theory is applied in business, politics ethics, and sociology. There has been enormous growth in the number of state actors and non-state actors and their diversity as well, as compared to the situation by 1945. To achieve the worldwide partnership for sustainable growth, on behalf of indigenous people, women, NGOs, and other diverse stakeholders, the UN calls for some core principles and conceptual relations. Education on business and management is very crucial in enhancing the skills and approaches of the future commercial leaders and can form influential drivers of commercial sustainability.
The PRME, as a body involved in the expansion of present and future managers, has established the core principles that will guide them towards implementation and progress. Decent work by the UN PRME ensures equal opportunities for all to work in productive sectors and brings peace around the working place, a reasonable income, social integration, and better prospects for individual development. The PRME Offers the young population favorable opportunities to transformation to decent employments appeals for investment in education and coaching of the decent level (Costanza et al, 2016 p.350-355.). One way a corporate could achieve the goal of decent work and economic growth is through the creation of income equality in the societies using the UN PRME. To catalyze the achievement of decent work and economic growth, there is a need to take measures for improving financial security.
References
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