Technology evolution and revolution has brought major changes in the engineering industry. The increasing complexities in the engineering system has led to the need to employ technology concepts. In today’s engineering environment, engineers and other engineering professionals require applications and systems that will enable them to continuously update and develop their knowledge and skills. In addition, the rise of mobile technology and online tools is gradually bringing effectiveness and efficiency in the engineering environment which are key benefits in increasing productivity and performance (Charland and LeRoux, 2011, p. 20). According to Yu, Zhou, Gong and Chien (2015 p. 280), engineers are getting more constraint in the process of application development because of the progressively accelerating and advancing technology while budgets and timelines remaining the same. Because of this reason, engineers need to be innovative and efficient and this can only be achieved through adoption of technology. Competitive engineering companies are continuously seeking to deploy new technologies in their operations which are necessary in simplifying and enhancing the design process. One of the major objectives of mobile technology is to improve communications and sharing of critical information within the company (Dong-Hoon and Jun-Yeob, 2013, p. 18). Adoption of mobile based application has been welcomed by the engineering industry because of its ability to facilitate remote communication and web accessibility to the design tools.
Individualization and globalization have led to higher complexities, shorter product life cycle, and different products. These aspects require efficiency and flexibility in order to maintain competitive advantage in the industry of operation. In such context, enabling cooperative and mobile work for the engineers is a critical success factor. Many IT systems in engineering are monolithic desktop software with multifunction and complex front-end constraints the enhancement of engineering process through IT driven methodologies. With the rise of mobile computing (tablets and smart[hones), the emergence of mobile application has facilitated anytime and anywhere properties which are very essential in process optimization in the engineering industry (Eshet, 2012, p. 14). Additionally, exploiting this technology offer a big potential for improved efficiency and flexibility in engineering tasks. Technicians are getting real time notifications about the various engineering processes that require their attention. In this paper, we discuss how Faraday Steel Manufacturing Industry will employ the use of a mobile application to notify technicians on the status of all the machines, give the latest information on spare-part and product stocks, integrate in-app chat module to improve communication amongst the employees, and provide easy management of all the company assets.
Faraday Steel Manufacturing is a company that deals with the manufacturing of steel products, the company was founded in 1989 and currently has a total of 1500 employees. The major products the company deals with include steel pipe, steel plate among other. It is currently located in Brisbane, Queensland-Australia. For several years, the company has been depending on employees to monitor and notify on the status of critical processes and machines within the company. This has been an ineffective way to manage the operations within the company and has reduced productivity and overall performance of the industry. Also, the company has been depending on email and notice board communication to pass information across the company. As such, the to have a mobile application to address these challenges arose. The company seeks to implement a mobile application that will facilitate notification of machine status, provide information about spare parts and product stocks, asset management and ease communication through the in-chat feature. The major purpose of the application is to improve communication and flow of information within the firm through piggy backing today’s Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) trend.
One of the opportunities being explored is creating a mobile application that will offer the employees within Faraday easy communication platform (He, 2011). The days when workers had to monitor the various processes and machines manually though bulky and large computer workstation are slowly disappearing. Technology advancement such as desktop virtualization has facilitated application access that employees need to achieve a particular objective or complete a task through the use of more portable computing devices such as smartphones and tablets. Moreover, the trend towards facilitating predictive service and maintenance of critical components in production to improve performance and production speed (Huenerfauth, 2014, p. 20). Both plant manufacturers and operators will focus on installing sensor equipment to the manufacturing machines. The mobile application will further enable tracing and tracking of equipment and products remotely and the safety of employees working in the factory. The attention is now shifting to quality management where functions and processes like real time tracking of products, functional assignment, and chain production.
The integration of SMS group platform services (in-app chat) is the basis of digital, intelligence service competence. The platform offers the company a simple and secure way to electronically exchange and share information. eService solution is one of the SMS group e-functions that enable the users to reliably and quickly determine spare parts and access files such as service guidelines, data sheets, and operation manuals (Ibhadode, 2012). The application will offer an intuitive environment that the plant will use directly to correct or identify the correct spare part component and facilitate initiation of procurement process in a click of a button through the ordering procedure.
The application seeks to address the challenges of communication, tracking, and monitoring on the status of the manufacturing components. The mobile application will offer the company with the latest information regarding the spare parts and products that are in stock. Secondly, it will integrate and in-app chat that will allow the employees to communicate and share information easily and quickly. Thirdly, the application will allow management of the company assets and provide remote tacking and monitoring.
Two decades ago, such concepts would have sounded impossible to many industries and but because of the advent in technology, mobile technology perceptions have changed and is now being embraced (Lee, 2013). By employing this technology Faraday will be able to take advantage and increase its competitiveness in the industry through effective and efficient production, tracking, and monitoring of production processes and equipment. Often, tools that are indispensable in private life are anticipated to be available naturally in the working environment. This is why the manufacturing industry is progressively adopting mobile devices so as to enable managers, technicians, and operators to maintain connectivity and completely take controls of all the plant processes anywhere and anytime (Nunes and Simões-Marques, 2015). There exist other essential factors of mobile devices beyond mobility that render them useful and interesting in the manufacturing environment.
The application will be expected to enhance portability by allowing use of lightweight and easy to use devices such as tablets and smartphones which are greatly effective in consultation lists such as inventory, production orders, maintenance operations among other or where technicians are needed to gather data manually and fill in the correct form like quality control check list. Application portability allows the users to view the production data and status of every manufacturing component from anywhere and add notes that can be shared with other employees regardless of their location (Qiu and Ju, 2012). A technician or operator at Faraday Manufacturing company can be able to refer to manuals, guides, electrical and mechanical schematics directly from the mobile device and enabling them to carry along a whole library of materials on the tablet or smartphone without the need of carrying the physical files or documentation.
Secondly, the application will enhance availability by ensuring production flexibility in departments with independent components or several islands. Additionally, the mobile application will facilitate eradication of fixed control and supervisory stations while making sure that technicians and operators can enter and receive required production information (Seliger, 2012). When compare to computer workstations that have to be installed in the company for the purpose of tracking, monitoring, and communication, the mobile devices are cheaper and affordable. Furthermore, the have better performance and is easy to use. Replacement or maintenance cost of the mobile devices are more reasonable and the fact that the users pay more attention to such devices reduces the risk of theft or breakage (Wu, 2011).
This application is mainly designed to be used by filed technicians, floor managers and staff, administrators, and top management. The app will ensure timely maintenance of machines, no shorts in materials and spare parts, view the conditions of the various assets, paperless reports, and seamless distribution of information. It is crucial that this app is designed and developed because by don doing so, the process of production is delayed, no timely reports, inconsistent flow of information, more errors because of manual operations, and so on (Stillström and Jackson, 2013, p. 189).
The table below shows the cost summary of the hybrid application development for Faraday Manufacturing industry running both on android and iOS.
|
Faraday Cost Summary for Hybrid application development for iOS and Android |
|
|
Task |
Cost |
|
Wireframing and discovery |
$6,000 |
|
Design of application interface |
$6,000 |
|
App development |
$75,000 |
|
Back-end design, APIs, and databases |
$22,000 |
|
Administration of the application |
$20,000 |
|
Refinements and quality assurance |
$14,000 |
|
Deployment (cloud) |
$4,000 |
|
Total (Android & iOS) |
$147,000 |
The following factors were considered during the cost analysis:
Application environment and platform: the cost is increased by the fact that the application has to be build for both iOS and android. This is because android uses java programming while iOS uses swift programming language o Objective-C and windows uses C#. The cost and time if app development will increase if the developer choses to develop the app for all the platforms using individual native languages. However, hybrid technology allows developers to build one app for all the platforms using PhoneGap, HTML5, JavaScript, and CSS to prepare the application for all platforms.
Secondly, customization of the application through standard application convention and widgets increases the cost and time needed to develop the app. Every development platform has specific widgets for building conventions that are standardized such as changing screens, navigation, user interaction elements, and animations (Wilke, 2015, p. 13). Cost effectiveness will be realized by employing the use of standardized convention.
The number of screens required for the application impact directly on the overall cost, that is, the more the screens needed the more the cost will increase. To achieve cost effectiveness, it is necessary to build less complex, less busy, and cleaner screens that has simple and easy to use navigation menu. Since the app should be flexible enough to integrate and work with other systems in place, the developer will have to link the application to third party APIs. This will need extra money and time for the developer to learn and implement it correctly.
Building customized interface that will be able to support the different screen resolutions such as phablets, smartphones, and tablets can be costly and time consuming. Additionally, building an application that will support all the different types of mobile operating system will be costly. As such, it is recommended to choose the popular operating systems such as iOS and Android. Integrating the handoff/ continuity feature will facilitate sharing of data and information and enable connection among the various devices. Building this feature can be substantially costly and time consuming.
Strategic alignment refers to the degree at which the IT strategies meets the business objectives, mission, and vision. It can also be described as the degree to which business strategies are supported, enabled, and stimulated by information technology strategies (Chaudhry, 2015, p. 53). It is the ability of the company to automate processes and share information with the relevant stakeholders that enables the company to survive and remain competitive. Interoperability of the different manufacturing systems forms the basis of operational aspect of the bigger company concern, that is, strategic alignment. One of the strategic alignment aspects is to develop a well-structured exchange of information between the various applications and systems. IT strategies seeks to positively add value to the company through creation of new opportunities and strategies and improve on the already existing ones (Grøgaard, 2012, p. 402). This objective can be achieved by exploring the various ranges and types of information technology capabilities and systems possibly available for the company. In this paper, the author seeks to explore the alignment between IT and business strategies by concentrating on the approach of strategy modelling. The objective is to dispense to a model-driven technique in order to create and weigh the IT and business alignment within the Faraday Manufacturing Industry.
The advent of information technology competencies and resources is one of the major pedals for economic success and efficiency in the manufacturing processes (Hossain, Sohrab, Jamshid, and Mahmood, 2012, p. 12018). The figure below shows the relationship between business activities and IT strategies at a strategic level.
Figure 1: Strategic Alignment Model
(Source: Issa-Salwe, Ahmed, Aloufi and Kabir, 2010, p. 125)
Strategy Execution: this approach conforms to the hierarchical, classical view of strategic administration. Business strategies are considered the driving factors of the logical information technology infrastructure and organization design choices. Business strategies are formulated by the top management and the ICT is taken to be the implementer of the strategies.
Technology Potential: this aspect considers the business strategy as the driving force to the company. The perspective entails IT strategy formulation to support the selected business strategy and the equivalent needed information technology processes and infrastructure (Magdanov, 2015, p. 4). Technology vision should be developed by the top management in order to articulate the choices and logic regarding IT strategy that would support the selected business strategy better. IT manager is responsible for effective and efficient implementation of the information technology infrastructure needed that will provide consistent service delivery.
Competitive Potential: this approach is associated with taking advantage of the abilities of emerging information technology to impact on the primary strategy attributes, influence new services and products, and create new types of relationships. This perspective unlike the former two aspects enables the business to use emerging IT abilities to modify business strategy.
Service Level: it concentrates on how to create a sophisticated IT infrastructure within the company. Business strategy has an indirect responsibility as is often considered not sufficient but necessary to make sure that IT resources are used effectively and be flexible to the fast changing and growing user demands (Ravasi and Phillips, 2011, p. 130).
Strategic Alignment model has been considered as the de factor standard for improvement and measuring strategic alignment. Faraday Manufacturing industry should rate the IT alignment with the business goals to provide bigger validity and reliability.
The new mobile application should be in-line with Faraday business strategy. This can be achieved by representing the business strategy using goal-oriented models which are employed to formalize information technology and business strategies. Many at times, these strategies are determined through interview conducted through out the company with IT managers and business managers. This approach depends on comparing two goal models with one describing the IT strategy while the other representing the business strategy. The concepts o goal modelling better support modelling of strategy. The culminating models represent strategies in terms of goals, vision, and objectives. The figure below shows the relationship between strategy and main vision of the company. The diagram is also called the Business Rules Motivation Model (BRG-Model)
Figure 2: Business Motivation Model
(Source: Singh and Desai, 2012)
In figure 2, Vision represents the end-state in which the company strives to achieve, Mission describes the various tasks and activities that should be done in order to attain the vision, Goal is an abstract statement describing the intention to support the vision, Strategy is the long-term task formulated to achieve a goal, Objective is a measurable and specific statement with intention to support a goal, while a Tactic is a short-term activity employed to meet an objective.
IT strategy and business strategy goal model analysis allow for comparison of both models to identify the components that belong to IT domain or business domain that are associated semantically. Additionally, it is essential to determine the connections that exist between the components. Today, it is the ability of the company to employ the use of IT in managing the company resources that determines the its competitiveness. This concept has been emphasized by several practitioners and researchers by stating that the viability and performance have been greatly increased through increased dependence on information technology.
Failing to align the business strategy with information technology strategy will reduce IT credibility and decrease investment in IT strategies by implementing proactive system rather than reactive systems. The impact and value of information technology on manufacturing efficiency and performance can be seen through cost-effectiveness, operational feasibility, competitive advantage, capacity to manage, and product delivery. Thus, it can be summarized that the use of technology in manufacturing industries has shifted to being regarded as critical factor in delivering business functions from the old days of just be considered as a supporting strategy to operational functions. Its has become very vital to align business objectives to IT strategy because, currently, manufacturing processes highly depends on information technology in order for the company to remain relevant and maintain competitiveness in the industry it operates in.
Research in information technology has found out that IT has a greater influence on the overall business success. In addition, information technology has become a crucial part of every day manufacturing processes and a potential primary factor in competitive positioning. Information technology has become a key manufacturing resources for monitoring and controlling plant processes.
Value proposition is a very critical aspect to any industry, as such, it is essential to have an impactful and robust value proposition on order to connect and engage with stakeholders, customers, employees, and partners by having a clear communication on how better, different, and worth buying from (Aggarwal, Kundapur and Holikar, 2009). It has been considered as the epi center of the overall manufacturing model and should form the basis for all operations, decision making, and consumer engagement. Value proposition is more that promotion messages or set of words; it is the foundation for how the company will align its processes and output with the customer needs in order to deliver a good experience that be attached to money value via value exchange.
Currently, mobile applications are an enticing technology but many firms and businesses are getting trapped by designing applications that do not reflect their value (Gopu, 2012, p. 16). Mobile applications account for over 85 percent of the mobile usage time. If an app does not meet the users’ requirements, the users will tend to uninstall and abandon them. As such it is important to develop an app that will add value to the company and increase efficiency and effectiveness in production and communication.
The proposed application will be able to add value to Faraday Manufacturing company by automating processes and enhancing communication and resources sharing (Kim and Kwon, 2013, p. 372). The application will be able to assist the company in collecting critical data regarding the plant processes and operations. This will enable the company to identify which processes to improve upon in order to increase productivity and performance. The ability of the app to allow for social interaction will also make interaction with customers more engaging and their feedback can be easily capture. It will also allow scheduling of maintenance activities.
The mobile application will offer a unique value proposition to Faraday that makes it outstanding and competitive in the industry. However, before developing the app it is important to clearly state and define the unique value proposition (UVP) describing the company, what the company expects from the app, and target users (Quero and Ventura, 2018). Value proposition is important in validating the business strategy for the purpose of continuity. The following are some of the aspects that should be considered when determining, analyzing, and achieving the value proposition: the mobile application should be able to give direction by defining the target users from the beginning and then finding and articulating the need that the app should address. A well define value proposition will aid the company in minimizing or avoiding time wastage, energy, and money and developing an application that will be irrelevant to the company.
Secondly, it creates focus for the team by determining the fundamental activities, initiatives, and perspectives of the company that will have positive impact in meeting the company objectives. The value proposition is considered as the “True North” of the company by concentrating on why, who, and how you are adding value (Smith, 2015, p. 13). It dictates what you must produce in order to meet you set objectives and develop an overall remarkable experience to the target users.
Value proposition also offer a platform for the company to engage with consumers in a resonant and compelling way enable you understand how the customers view you as a company and the products being offered.
All projects undergo a certain degree of uncertainties and turbulence and thus needs someone to oversee, control, and manage it. The project manager will be the person in charge of the overall project by overseeing the progress and managing every aspect related to it (Davidson, 2014, p. e2). The project manager (PM) is responsible for the initiating, planning, designing, developing, controlling, monitoring, and project closure. For the project manager to effectively and efficiently manage, he/she should have skills to ask insightful question, resolve conflicts, and identify undefined assumptions. Moreover, the PM should have effective management skills. Some of the duties and roles of the project manager include determining threats that may influence the success of the project. Mobile application development requires a project manager that is knowledgeable in software and application design. Focusing on the primary objectives of the project will enable the project manager to ensure successful project. All the decisions both small and large are made by the project manager. Other responsibilities that the project manager should undertake include planning and defining project scope, scheduling, cost and time estimation, planning and sequencing of activities, resource planning, budget development, risk analysis, strategy influencing, team leadership, reporting and monitoring progress, risk management, documentation, quality control, and goal realization (Mir and Pinnington, 2014, p. 206). To successfully achieve project objectives the project manager must be give full support by the Faraday management.
The executive management expect regular communication on the progress of the project from the project team. It is essential to consider all communication methods given the geographical and organizational project team diversity. Communication can either be active or passive (Ponnappa, 2014, p. e3). Active methods of communications are used to pass information to the executive include video conferencing, face to face meetings, webinars, in-person stand up presentation, and telephone. Passive methods of communication that can be employed include web cast, blogs, project newsletter, pod cast, website, email, and table top presentation.
The choice of the development platform is very important because it enables the developers to deliver a near-native experience to the users while minimizing complexities and reducing the cost associated will multiple devices and platforms. For the development of the mobile application for Faraday, Mendix’s development platform is the most recommended. This is because this platform allows developers to create application using visual models that are intuitive while abstracting the code. This platform allows development of multiplatform application and removes the need to build individual app for every environment. The technical details like provisioning, infrastructure, app management components, and code development are abstracted away in Mendix’s platform. As such, the developed app will work seamlessly across platforms and devices an has the ability to integrate with other systems. The advantages of using Mendix’s platform include: higher productivity, high quality custom application, reduced IT overhead, and unparalleled flexibility.
The coding languages are very important in app development. In this project, Java and objective-C programming languages will be adopted as the primary development tools (Ball, Onarheim, and Christensen, 2010, p. 572). These are the most preferred mobile programming languages for both android and iOS respectively. Both are object-oriented languages and are flexible enough to allows code re-use. One advantage with java is that is facilitates development of cross-platform applications including big data technology, server applications, android apps, games, websites, embedded space, and web apps. However, Java is less useful when developing iOS applications and that’s why there is need to adopt objectives-C in order to enable development of iOS app. Both languages support third party APIs making it flexible enough to integrate with existing systems, powerful IDE make development simple and reduces errors, high level of security, and are object oriented.
Faraday should adopt and host the application in the cloud. This is because it is cost-effective, increases efficiency, more reliable, facilitate interoperability/compatibility, speed, scalability, security (better backup and disaster recovery strategies), and analytics (keep track on how the app is used by the employees).
Software development methodologies refer to proven practices and practical ideas which enable mobile and software application developers to efficiently manage software projects (Yong, 2014). In this project, Agile development methodology is recommended. This is because it allows quick and faster deliverance of the application solution. This methodology supports continuous user involvement thus enhancing transparency, user satisfaction and value addition is created because the focus is on the user, and enable development of a high-quality mobile application.
Figure 3: Agile Application Development Methodology
(Source: Schuh, Pitsch and Salmen, 2015, p. 243)
Application testing strategies are important because they are used to certify if the final application meet the user expectations and requirements. Testing strategies include non-functional and functional testing for AUT validation. The testing methodologies include integration testing, unit testing, performance testing, and system testing. Every testing strategy have a defined deliverable and test objective. Application testing is an integral part in the application development and should be carried out with utmost precision to ensure that the application meet all the specified objectives and requirements.
Internalization refers to making the app available for all users by taking care of content display, font style, language orientation, and plethora of other smaller details to ensure deliverance of intuitive user experience in their native language. Internationalization considers different aspect of number formats, text interpretation, dates, and punctuation conventions. Additionally, it facilitates identification of localizations that have the potential to offer better return on investment. However, internationalization id faced with a couple of challenges including the extensive coding required which is expensive and time consuming. Moreover, may have its people speaking many languages and a native language such as English which also have various versions including US English, UK English and many others. However, in this application, internalization is not necessary because the app will be used thin the company.
Integrating social media into the application is very essential because it will help in increasing social visibility and make the app more special (Arjomandy, 2016, p. 111). This will enhance user engagement, increase conversations, and extent application’s reach. It is very important to integrate social network profile because it enables easy retrieval of user information. To achieve this integration, it is necessary to use third party APIs such as CloudRail API integration which enables connection to several social network suing only one library.
Risk management in application development include assessing the risks and devising mitigation strategies to prevent the risks from happening. Risk assessment is the process of determining potential risks and examining their potential impact (Khodakarami and Abdi, 2014, p. 1237). Mitigation strategies are techniques that have been put in place to minimize or eliminate the impact or risk occurrences. Privacy, security, and confidentiality of the data and information shared using the application is very crucial. As such, there is need to ensure that these aspects are not compromised. Risks can be categorized into the following groups: technical, schedule, cost, client, contractual, environmental, political., financial, people, and so on (Wateridge, 2011, p. 192).
Figure 4: Risk Profile
(Source: Dionne, 2013)
Integrating mobile application into the company will offer Faraday manufacturing with innovative means to efficiency and effectiveness in the manufacturing process and enhance communication. It is necessary that the application be integrated with the already existing systems such as ERP, CRP, HRM, among others to improve productivity and better the results (Ma, Meng and Jiang, 2014, p. 1382). There exist three ways of integrating mobile application. they include:
Point-to-point integration: this approach employs the technique of using one link to connect all the business applications. This approach offers limited scalability and is easy to build.
Multipoint: this approach uses separate engines that manages and receives notifications form various channels to connect applications and databases.
ESB Solutions: company bus service system is used in this approach as multilayered solution for the enterprise.
However, integration of mobile application can be very challenging to the company in various ways including legacy issues, testing, costs, complexities, and lack of stakeholders. Nevertheless, these challenges can be overcome by creating a prioritized application road map that clearly states the optimized protocols, integration architecture, and platform service in order to meet the experience requirement of the application user (Pulathaneli, 2014, p. 24).
User acceptance is a very critical aspect in application development. To validate user acceptance, user acceptance testing will be conducted. The users will be given the application to interact with it and to find out If the application meet all the requirements that were stipulated by the company and users. Users will accept the application if it meets the functional and non-functional requirements.
Change management is very essential as it aid in transiting from the old way of doing things to a new way. Therefore, it is necessary to have a change manager so as to guide the users through transition and help the stakeholder manage change adoption in a well-structured manner (Zhang, Cao, Chen and Mei, 2011, p. 2869). Change management involves user training on how to use the application, communication, user engagement, rewards, and other techniques based on the enterprise objectives. In summary, user acceptance and change management go hand in hand.
Application maintenance is a very critical process to ensure continuous availability of the application services while improving performance and enhancing security. Regular updates should be done regularly in order to meet the changing users need and preferences, changes in market structure, and user behavior. Regularly updating the app gives the users a positive attitude towards the app because of the regular improvements done on the application and allow them to take advantage of the application benefits (Dong-Hoon and Jun-Yeob, 2013, p. 23). The diagram below shows a typical update process of an application:
Figure 5: Application Update
(Source: Huenerfauth, 2014)
Additionally, application patches should be done as regular as possible so as to fix the vulnerabilities that the app may have. Patching the application more often help in enhancing the security of the application and ensures it is protected from external attacks because attackers are not given the opportunity to explore the vulnerabilities of the application.
The evolving technology and the ever-changing user need and preferences should be considered during app development. This is to ensure that the app is flexible enough to support the changing user behavior and preference. The mobile application to be developed for Faraday Manufacturing Industry is for internal use only. However, the application should be able to support CRM integration so as to allow the company to actively engage with its customers to get their feedback and opinions.
Recommendation and Conclusion
The use of mobile computing devices has increased in the recent years and is now becoming a necessity. As such, company and enterprises should ensure that this factor is considered in order to improve productivity by allowing the employee to use such devices in carrying out their daily activities. Using mobile applications increases flexibility and allows the employees to monitor manufacturing processes, components, and company assets from a single platform. The developers should watch out for cross-device development and cross platform to ensure that users using different devices running on different operating systems/platforms are supported. Mobile applications are convenient, easy to use, easy to scale, cost-effective, and increases flexibility. Therefore, it is recommended that Faraday Manufacturing Company adopts this proposal.
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