1) Sea Water
Sea Water is collected through pumping with a rate of volume / time and being transferred to the desalination and after desalinating the water is being transferred to storage system. The water is stored in either the tanks (for 3-5 days storage) or in ground aquifers for long-term usage. That is further being transferred to the dispatch centre, from where the water is being supplied to all the sectors (Industrial, Agricultural, and Domestic Use).
2) Surface and Ground Water (Rain, spring, Pond)
The water is being collected from the ground and surface route and is being stored to the storage. The same process followed after the water reaches to the dispatch centre and further it is transferred to each sectors. The water is stored in either the tanks (for 3-5 days storage) or in ground aquifers for long-term usage.
3) Storage
The expected demand cannot be fulfilled without storage system and thus, it includes tanks for the storage of water for 3 – 5 days and for long-term Ground Aquifers have been installed. Thereafter, the water s supplied to the dispatch centre from where, all the sectors are supplied to meet the expected demand.
4) Waste Water
Waste Water is collected from each sector and thereafter, it is treated to make it better and germs free and then usable water is transferred to the landscaping sector and rest are dumped.
Sum of transmission rate of surface and ground water, and transmission rate of seawater is the expected demand of the UAE population and sum of Distribution ‘A’, ‘I’ and ‘D’, is the Actual Demand of the community. Both the demands are positively correlated with the production and transmission rate and increase in the actual demand will increase the physical flow of the water from the distribution of the seawater, and ground and surface water. Estimated demand will be affecting the storage constantly with the fluctuation in both the expectations and meeting of the water demands. Thus, if the actual demand increases the physical rate of flow from the ground and surface water, and seawater will be increases as per the diagram presented in the above report.
When Estimated Demand is Greater than Actual Demand (Without Ground Aquifers)
Only the water will be kept as usable for three to five days and rest of the water will be disposed. The whole system will be of no use without water aquifers. There will be no need of such advanced system, if this condition happens as every end user would be able to fulfil the needs of water without any additional efforts.
When Estimated Demand is less than Actual Demand (Without Ground Aquifers)
The system would not be able to fulfil the demands of the end users and an addition storage facility will be needed that can store water for long time without contamination of water. Event wastewater treatment would not be able to meet the requirements and needs of the end user. The whole system would not be enough for the UAE and thus, it will need a storage facility that can hold water for long time without contamination. In both the systems, if there is not any balance between the estimated and actual demand the whole system will be of no use and the total transmission should also include the usage of treated waste water.
This will be helpful in storage large amount of water and fulfilling the needs and requirements of the end user. This will also be helpful in storing the water for long term without contaminating it.
Figure 1 – Student Lifecycle of Masdar Institute
(Source: Created by Author)
This model presents a visual representation of the model of student applying and completing MSc and PhD within the Maasdar University. New applicants will reach to the University and contact for the application for admission. Based on the previous academics, the University will either accept the application form or reject it. The accepted application form will allow the applicant to reach to the direct admission procedure or move to the foundation studies. Thereafter, the direct admitted student and student completed foundation will be allowed to move forward for the thesis preparation. The thesis prospectus will introduced to the students applying for direct PhD or after the completion of MSc from the same university. Thesis prospectus entity will be joined by three rate of this including the direct PhD students, after foundation completing student, and Applying after MSc completion from the same university. MSc students will be then forwarded to the supervising sector, where there the thesis will be accepted after review. Thereafter, the MSc and PhD students will make the final submission and then the path will be subdivided for the graduated and less marks gathering students. The graduated students who secured less marks or failed will be provided with second chance or expelled and second chance getting student will be resend to the thesis prospectus procedure where, he or she will have to complete all the procedures again. Some students after passing the exam will work as RE, apply for PhD, Left the University, or expelled from the university. The system will continue for the students who apply for PhD and will have to appear with the students applying for the PhD in the QE exam. Selection will be made based on performance provided in the QE exam and failed students will not move forward with the students appearing for the thesis presentation.
The graph for net flow with respect to time that can be plotted from the given inflow and outflow is presented as below:
Figure 2: Net Flow rate vs Time graph
(Source: Created by Author)
The graph for stock value with respect to time from the provided graph is depicted as below:
Figure 3: Stock vs Time graph
(Source: Created by Author)
From the above diagrams, it can be identified that the net flow graph is plotted at first so that the trajectory of stock can be drawn. The difference of outflow from inflow is computed at a particular time which is considered as the net flow. In figure 4, the graph is plotted for stock in context to time where stock is presented in the x-axis and units are presented in y-axis. It has been determined that if outflow is less than the inflow then net flow will be positive and vice versa.
The calculation of slope represents the change that occurred in stock with respect to time and the net flow at a particular time. At each interval there is area under the marked points which is used to calculate the added or subtracted amount to and from the stock over time. The results that have been obtained from the procedure is presented in the table as below:
|
Interval |
Net Flow |
The stock Behavior |
Slope |
The amount Subtracted/ Added from stock |
Value of the stock |
|
From t=0 to t=5 |
(-) ve |
Decreasing |
At t=0, slope= (-) 25 units/time At t=- 5, slope= 0 units/time |
Subtracted = 62.5 Units |
At t=5 Stock=137.5 units |
|
From t=5 to t=7.5 |
(-) ve |
Decreasing |
At t=+5, slope= (-) 50 units/time At t=7.5, slope= 0 units/time |
Subtracted = 62.5 Units |
At t=7.5 Stock=75 units |
|
From t=7.5 and t=10 |
(+) ve |
Increasing |
At t=7.5+, slope= 0 units/time At t=10-, slope= 50 units/time |
Subtracted = 62.5 Units |
At t=10 Stock= 137.5 units |
|
From t=10 to t=15 |
(+) ve |
Increasing |
At t=10+, slope= 50 units/time At t=15-, slope= 0 units/time |
Added = 125 Units |
At t=15 Stock= 262.5 units |
|
From t=15 to t=20 |
(-) ve |
Constant |
At t=15+, slope= (-) 25 units/time At t=20-, slope= (-) 25 units/time |
Subtracted = 125 Units |
At t=20 Stock= 137.5 |
Table 1: Interval, net flow, stock behavior, slope, amount and the value of stock
Values for the stock (Maximum and Minimum)
For the plotted graph, it is evident that at time “t = 15”, there is maximum value for the stock having numercial value of 262.5 units. This is determined as the point at which there is positive to negative change in net flow and the incerase in stocks stop then gradually starts to decrease.
Further, from the graph produced above it can be identfied that the minimum value for stock is at time “t = 7.5” having numercial value of 75 units. This is the point at which there is negative to positive change in net flow and the decrease in stocks stop then gradually starts to increase.
Slope (Maximum and Minimum)
Stock can be defined as the integration of net flow for a particular period of time hence slope of the stock is reprsented as:
Slope of stock = Net flow (at every particular point in the graph)
From the above formulation, the maximum and minimum values associated with stock slope presented in the graph for net flow are:
Figure 4: Model of the improvement process
(Source: Created by Author)
As depicted from the above outline, the model comprises of six factors: one stock, one inflow rate, one surge rate and three endogenous factors. The framework makes them adjust input named as Defect Elimination process which is emphatically associated with Defect Elimination Rate. Then again, the Defects Elimination Rate is adversely corresponded with Average Time for Defects Elimination. The normal time absconds disposal, the imperfection presentation rate, and the hypothetical least deformities rate are thought to be consistent.
The testing of dimensional consistency is presented below in figure 5, followed by developing documentation of the model:
Figure 5: Testing of Dimensional consistency
(Source: Created by Author)
Documentation of the model
(01) Average Time for Defects Elimination=0.75
Units: Year
(02) Defect Elimination Rate= Number of Eliminable Defects/Average Time for Defects Elimination
Units: ppm/Year
(03) Defect Introduction Rate=250
Units: ppm/Year
(04) Defect Rate= INTEG (Defect Introduction Rate-Defect Elimination Rate, 1500)
Units: ppm
(05) FINAL TIME = 20
Units: Year
The final time for the simulation.
(06) INITIAL TIME = 0
Units: Year
The initial time for the simulation.
(07) Number of Eliminable Defects= Defect Rate-Theoretical Minimum Value Rate
Units: ppm
(08) SAVEPER =TIME STEP
Units: Year [0,?]
The frequency with which output is stored.
(09) Theoretical Minimum Value Rate=0
Units: ppm
(10) TIME STEP = 0.125
Units: Year [0,?]
The time step for the simulation.
Figure 7: Defect rate vs time
(Source: Created by Author)
Figure 8: Defect introduction rate vs time
(Source: Created by Author)
Brief description on the model’s behaviour
The change in behaviour of the model is presented with the help of three key variables:
However, the Defect Introduction Rate and the Average Time for Defect Elimination their conduct stays consistent after some time. The three key factors diagrams have comparable conduct which frame a goal looking for bends diminishing at a moderating rate. The deformity rate diminishes exponentially until the point that it is achieve relatively stable estimation of 200 ppm from nearly the fourth year. The adjusting circle between the deformity rate and imperfection disposal rate help to achieve the required esteem (point) by expanding the inflow of deformity presentation rate.
As the quantity of eliminable imperfections builds, deformity disposal rate will expand which will prompt a diminishing in the imperfection rate. Additionally, as the normal time for deformity disposal builds, this will diminish defects elimination rate.
The increase in average defect elimination time, increases the defect rate as well as eliminable defects as presented in figures 10 and 11. On the other hand, as the normal imperfection end time expands, the deformity end rate diminishes. To put it plainly, the shorter the normal time for the deformity end, the quicker the change procedure and the speedier is the lessening in the imperfection rate.
Figure 9: Defect rate with different average time values
(Source: Created by Author)
Figure 10: Defect elimination rate with different average time values
(Source: Created by Author)
Figure 11: Number of eliminable defects with different average time values
(Source: Created by Author)
The notation for the various variables are listed as below:
When the stock is at equilibrium (Dynamic Equilibrium)
By substituting (Equation 3) from (Equation 2) we get:
For emphasizing the above conditions, same methods were applied to the provided parameters for calculating the defect rate at equilibrium:
Equilibrium: Inflow (DIRe) = Outflow (DERe)
DERe = (NED / ATDE) = 250 (ppm/year)
= (DR- TMDR)/ ATDE)
= (DR-0) / ATDE)
250 (ppm/year) = (DR/0.75 year) Defect Rate = 250 (ppm/year) x 0.75 year = 187.5 ppm
Or by implementing Equation 5:
DR= (DERe* ATDE) + TMDR = (DIRe* ATDE) + TMDR = 250 (ppm/year) x 0.75 year = 187.5 ppm
Figure 12: Defect rate with different time steps (0.0625 and 0.125 years)
(Source: Created by Author)
As it can be identified from Figure 12, there is huge similarity in the system behaviour which mirror that the first run through first decision is substantial. In a few interims the two bends superposed and it demonstrates an objective looking for conduct. Same patterns were watched for the deformity end rate and the quantity of imperfections. To put it plainly, as long as the dt is littler than the normal time required to take out imperfections, the supposition turns out to be more precise.
Figure 13: Defect rate with different time steps (0.5 and 0.125 years)
(Source: Created by Author)
As appeared in the above figure, there is some huge contrast in the conduct of the model. As the time steps increment, the framework redirects from the normal conduct. This time step is not exceptionally exact since it builds the mistake and declines the exactness.
Figure 14: Defect rate with different time steps (1 and 0.125 years)
(Source: Created by Author)
The framework confronted a sharp reduction till it achieves the base at year 1 and after that expansion straightly till year 2 took after by another reduction till year 3. In the long run it will settle as alternate cases do. Like the past cases, as dt expands the exactness decays.
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