One of the main purposes of the taxation is to ensure the economic development of the country. The economic development of any country is dependent upon the capital formation of the country. For the purpose of capital formation, the government of the country mobilises resources, so that rapid capital formation could take place (Enste, 2018).
The taxation in the country can be effectively utilised to monitor the demand for goods and services within the country. Lowering of the taxes would result in increase in the demand and thereby increase the employment of the resources.
The taxes can be used to stabilise the prices. By raising the amount of direct taxes, the amount of private expenditure can be reduced. Thereby reducing the prices of the commodity (Basu, 2016)
This is a kind of advice given in respect of the application of the tax law, which is related to a particular specific arrangement. Only that specific taxpayer is supposed to rely on the ruling (Tan et al., 2016).
This contains advices in respect of the application of the law for a taxpayer who is an individual.
Income tax = (Taxable Income * Rate) – Tax Offsets.
In this case, Lisa is a self employed marketing consultant and the issue is to ascertain whether the expenses are allowed as deduction as per the provision of the tax law. The section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 provides that a taxpayer can deduct expenses that it incurs in producing assessable income (Picciotto, 2017). The expenses those are necessary in carrying out the business for producing the assessable income are allowed as deduction. It is further stated in the section that the following expenses cannot be claimed as deduction:
In this section the deduction that can be claimed by Lisa are discussed. The section 25-10 of the ITAA 97 provides that an individual can claim deduction for expenses it incurred for repairing the premises or producing the assessable income. The capital expenditure cannot be claimed as deduction under this section (Braithwaite, 2017). The repairing expense that leads to substantial improvement in the item of expenses are not allowed as deduction. The expenses related to installation of new ceiling are substantial capital expenditure. However, in the current case the expenses related to repairing of leaking roof is not a capital repair and hence it is allowed as deduction. The painting expenses for home office are allowable expenses and can be claimed as deduction. The replacement of the wooden floor in the office room is a substantial expenditure so it is treated as capital expenditure. The resurfacing expense related to client car parking is not an allowable expense. It is because this expense does not fall within the definition of allowable expenses. It is because this expenditure is not incurred for producing assessable income. The gardening expenses can be claimed for immediate deduction (O’faircheallaigh, 2017).
Calculation of Deductible Expenses |
|
Particulars |
Amount |
Repairing to leaking roof |
$2,400.00 |
Painting of Office room |
$5,200.00 |
Gardening expenses |
$9,000.00 |
Allowable Deduction |
$16,600.00 |
The Tax ruling 98/17 deals with the issue of residential status for determining the taxable income of an individual. In order to be considered a resident the individual has to pass any of the three tests. The tests are as follows-
In the present case, Satya was not present in the country for 183 days hence he fails that test. The superannuation test does not apply in this case. However, the ordinary test and the domicile test do suggest that Satya is an Australian citizen for the period concerned. This is because of none of his act suggesting that he is going to leave Australia (Marett, 2018). While away, he lived in the house given by the company and not any other place, which he purchased. Farther more he only leased out his residential house in Australia not sold it. All this suggest that Satya intended to stay in Australia after returning (Edge, 2017).
In this case the issue is to determine the assessable income of Jane for the year. The section 6-5 of the ITAA 97 provides that the income according to the ordinary concept is regarded as the ordinary income. In the case of Scott V CT (1935) it is provided that the term income should be determined in accordance with the ordinary concept and the usage of the mankind. The income that is earned from working in hospital is an income according to the concept. Therefore, this income will be included in the calculation of assessable income. The income in the nature of windfall gain or from gambling is not an income (Gitman et al., 2015). Therefore the income from winning horse races will not be included in the calculation of assessable income. In the case of Scott V FCT it was held that the gifts of personal nature are not income. It should be noted that in case of Moore V Griffiths (1972) it was held that mere prize should not be treated as income. In the current case personal gift received from brother should not be treated as assessable income. The income from personal exertion should be treated as an assessable income. The personal exertion includes income from painting and other activity (Murphy et al., 2016). Therefore, the proceed from the two painting should be included in the assessable income. The income that is earned from the rental property should be included in the assessable income. It is because the income is received for providing the right to use the property (McGee et al., 2016). The calculation of the assessable income is provided below:
Calculation of Assessable Income |
|
Particulars |
Amount |
Income from Hospital |
70000 |
Proceed from sale of painting |
2000 |
Rental Income |
20800 |
Assessable Income |
92800 |
In this case the issue is to ascertain whether the expenses that are incurred are allowable expenses. In the case of FCT V Payne the court has denied the deduction of expenses related to travelling cost between home and the place of work. However, the travelling expenses for work related purpose is allowed as deduction (Picciotto, 2015). In the current case, the travelling expenses to Canberra for the employment interview are not allowed as deduction. The taxation law provides that a taxpayer cannot claim expenses related to deduction for the cost involved in travelling or transferring for new employment (Richardson & Lefroy, 2016). Therefore the expenses of moving from Sydney to work place are not an allowable deduction. If the taxpayer uses phone or internet for the purpose of work then the taxpayer is allowed to claim deduction for such expenses. However, the taxpayer should maintain appropriate receipt for claiming deduction. In case the phone is used for both the private and office purpose then the reasonable percentage should be used for distributing the expenses. In the current case telephone calls made to the student for work related issue after the office hour should be allowed as deduction (Scollo et al.,2015). The cost of telephone calls made is allowed as deduction. The food expenses related to lunch from the school canteen is not an allowable expense. The travelling expenses to and from the work is not allowed as deduction. This expense is treated as personal expenses. In the case of Lunney V FCT it is provided that the travel between the home and work is not an allowable deduction. Therefore based on the above discussion it can be said that only telephone call expenses is allowed as deduction.
Calculation of Deductible Expenses |
|
Particulars |
Amount |
Telephone Expenses |
$700.00 |
Allowable deduction |
$700.00 |
Reference
Aktaev, N. E., Bannova, K. A., Balandina, A. S., Dolgih, I. N., Pokrovskaia, N. V., Rumina, U. A., … & Akhmadeev, K. N. (2015). Optimization criteria for entry into the consolidated group of taxpayers in order to create an effective tax mechanism and improve the social, economic development of regions in the Russian Federation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 166, 30-35.
Basu, S. (2016). Global perspectives on e-commerce taxation law. Routledge.
Berns, S. (2017). Women Going Backwards: Law and change in a family unfriendly society. Routledge.
Braithwaite, V. (Ed.). (2017). Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge.
Carson, E., & Kerr, L. (2017). Australian social policy and the human services. Cambridge University Press.
Edge, P. W. (2017). Religion and law: An introduction. Routledge.
Enste, D. H. (2018). The shadow economy in OECD and EU accession countries–empirical evidence for the influence of institutions, liberalization, taxation and regulation. In Size, Causes and Consequences of the Underground Economy (pp. 135-150). Routledge.
Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., & Flanagan, J. (2015). Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU.
Marett, P. (2018). Information law in practice. Routledge.
McGee, R. W., Devos, K., & Benk, S. (2016). Attitudes towards tax evasion in Turkey and Australia: A comparative study. Social Sciences, 5(1), 10.
Murphy, K. (2016). Turning defiance into compliance with procedural justice: Understanding reactions to regulatory encounters through motivational posturing. Regulation & Governance, 10(1), 93-109.
Murphy, K., Bradford, B., & Jackson, J. (2016). Motivating compliance behavior among offenders: Procedural justice or deterrence?. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(1), 102-118.
O’faircheallaigh, C. (2017). Mining and development: foreign-financed mines in Australia, Ireland, Papua New Guinea and Zambia. Routledge.
Picciotto, S. (2015). Indeterminacy, complexity, technocracy and the reform of international corporate taxation. Social & Legal Studies, 24(2), 165-184.
Picciotto, S. (2017). Rights, responsibilities and regulation of international business. In Globalization and International Investment (pp. 177-198). Routledge.
Richardson, B. J., & Lefroy, T. (2016). Restoration dialogues: improving the governance of ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology, 24(5), 668-673.
Scollo, M., Bayly, M., & Wakefield, M. (2015). Availability of illicit tobacco in small retail outlets before and after the implementation of Australian plain packaging legislation. Tobacco control, 24(e1), e45-e51.
Shaw, A. (2016). Tax files: Land tax exemption for primary production land. Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia), 38(9), 34.
Symes, C. F. (2016). Statutory priorities in corporate insolvency law: an analysis of preferred creditor status. Routledge.
Tan, L. M., Braithwaite, V., & Reinhart, M. (2016). Why do small business taxpayers stay with their practitioners? Trust, competence and aggressive advice. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 329-344.
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