Discuss about the Wireless Communication Technologies.
Wireless communication technology is the transmission of data without the help of cables between different computers, devices and circuit boards[1] .
The transmission distance ranges from a few metres to thousands of kilometres.
There are different types of wireless networks and transmission:
Wireless communications are categorized based on their spectrums of communication, modulations, topologies and medium access control.
Comparison of wireless communication technologies.
The wireless spectrum is the frequency of bands. These frequencies are regulated by organizations and governments. Wireless spectra range from 0 to 300 GHz. Frequency is not equal to bandwidth [2] . The spectra of wireless communications are selected depending on the ability to carry data and the devices’ ability to receive and transmit signals.
The spectrum protocols for wireless communications vary.
From the four technologies, they both have different communication spectra.
Wireless local area networks. Examples include Wi-Fi and IEEE 802.11p. they have a frequency of 2.4GHz or 5.8GHz for short wave frequency radio bands. Wi-Fi ranges can be up to 100meters but the range can be increase by external antennas. The signals are transmitted in different channels within the 2.4GHz band. The channels do no overlap if the difference is more than 5. Transmission is in packets with a 32-byte service set identifier. Wi-Fi communication are categorized according to the bandwidths of 40MHz and 20MHz.
Wireless wide area network which are wireless networks which covers large region have a communication spectrum of point to point of 2.4GHz. The wireless communication of the Wireless wide area network is packet based with data transmitted using the Gaussian frequency shift modulation. It has a bit rate of 300Mbits/second, [3].
Mobile networks. These communication technology has the ability to re-use frequencies. This allows for a large geographical area to be covered with more capacity. Frequencies range from 450MHz to 2.1 GHz. Frequencies determined the coverage, geographical features interference and capacity. Frequencies are directly proportional to capacity but inversely proportional to coverage. The range is limited by frequency of the network choice, with the range from 12 kilometres to 48 kilometres.
Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) internet devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person’s reach
Wireless personal area networks WPANs area devices of the interne which are around the reach of a person and in a small area. The example includes Bluetooth radio and the infrared light. But in this case, Bluetooth is used for description. Bluetooth wireless communication have a communication spectrum of 2.4GHz. they have a power duration of a few days. The wireless communication is packet based with data transmitted using the Gaussian frequency shift modulation. It has a bit rate of 1Mbits/second. Bluetooth has two categories, the classics Bluetooth technology that is the old module and the Bluetooth low energy technology. The classic technology has a maximum range of 100 meters while the low energy technology having a max range of slightly more than 100m. Bluetooth technology works by connection of the slave devices to a master device. The number active slaves are implementation dependent[3] .
Modulation is the process of changing of the frequency, phase and amplitude modulation characteristics of a network.
Wireless area networks based on the on the 802.11 technology are modulated differently. The802.11b link with less than 11 Mbps uses the complementary coded keying where the stream is processed and modulated using the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. The 802.11a and g with a bit rate of less than 54 Mbps use the 64-OFDM. The signals are modulated using the quadrature amplitude modulation [6] .
Wireless personal area network like Bluetooth technology which is the considered WPAN example employs frequency hopping spread spectrum during transmission where frequencies are switched repeatedly to reduce interruptions. This technology is modulated using the Gaussian frequency shift keying. To ensure a higher Bluetooth data rate, phase modulation using TT/4 DQPSK and 8DPSK are used.
Mobile Network systems are used to provide network access to a wide geographical area. The mobile are divided into GSM, EDGE, UMTS and WCDMA and LTE depending their spectrum, speed and capacity. GSM networks are modulated using GMSK type modulation, EDGE uses the 8PSK modulation while the UMTS and WCDMA uses the 64QAM modulation techniques [10].
The wireless wide area network employs the use of technologies which aims at modulating the voice and also data. The modulation at this stage converts the digital signals which symbolizes the data which is inside the computer to light or the RF signals
Media access control is a layer in the OSI network model. It is a sublayer in the data-link layer. The MAC transmits data packets to and from the network-interface.
The transfer of the data packets is compared with the speed in the four network technologies.
In wireless personal area network, the transfer of data packets are very slow and can ony transfer data packets to upto 10m.
In Wireless wide area network. The data packets that are transferred in a single go are many depending with the strength and number of users in the network. The speed is also faster than any other wireless technology.
Transfer of data packets in mobile networks is slow, though the number of packets transferred in a single go are many compared to the PWAN.
The Wireless Local area network is different. Transfer of packets depends upon the users but literally, the speed is high though its also regulated. Comparing, the wireless LAN has the same speed as wireless WAN but number of packets are moderate to high.
Is the organized manner in which computers on a network.
The mobile networks is connected and distributed over the land areas which is referred to as cells . Every cell is served by minimum of one location which is fixed called transceiver. These station which are the ones which Supplies the cell with network.
Wireless personal area network like uses primarily pee-to-peer when establishing a connection between the master server and one slave. This type of topology is optimized for wireless devices such as speakers, mobile phones car systems. However, the broadcast topology is used in advanced communication set ups where the master server is connected to more than one slave. This topology is available on Bluetooth low energy technology [4] .
Wireless local area networks share information around a communication system using a wireless technology. The interchange of information and data relies on a good pattern of arrangement to facilitate exchange. The following are common topologies:
Wireless communication standards for cyber-physical systems.
These are near-field wireless communication systems that allow devices to exchange information in a peer-to-peer topology. The RFID are used primarily to identify items. The network topology is made up of a tag, antenna and a reader. Ultra high frequency RFID have a range of up to 100 meters.
NFC is a computer device that is able to function as a reader and a tag. NFC allows for nearfield communication such as data sharing between enabled handsets and contactless, cashless payments.
ZigBee wireless technology is based on the IEEE standards of 802.15.4 which have a properly defines MAC and physical address. ZigBee enables interoperability between different devices and computer systems through a well enhanced application and security later. ZigBee has a range of around 70meters within its network, however, with wireless network modulation and amplification, the range can be increased between networks [7] . ZigBee is allowed to operate at frequencies of 868MHz with a data rate of 20kbps over the only channel, at 915MHz at speeds of up to 40kbps within the network’s 10 channels and the highest at 2.4GHz with20 channels transmitting at 250kbps. ZigBee have a maximum packet data capability of 128 bytes hence its use in settings that require low data rates.
Bluetooth is a near-filed communication technology that has a range that reaches a maximum of 100 meters. The classical Bluetooth technology was modified over time to result to the Bluetooth low energy technology that has an improved performance. Bluetooth low energy technology allows two types of topologies, the peer-to-peer and the broadcasting. Bluetooth low energy supports a data transmission rate of maximum 100kbps and a payload of 20bytes. The technology offers a secure end to end data transmission when using peer-to-peer topologies. Bluetooth low energy has a very low connection time from latency of almost 7.5ms. Bluetooth low energy uses very low power and has low data interference rates too [5] .
Cellular networks have the widest geographical area coverage among the wireless communication technologies. Performance-wise, cellular networks have the best packet capacity, speed and very low latency periods. Latency, amount of time it takes a data packet to travel within a network, is reduced tremendously in the cellular networks by modification of the network types with the lowest in GSM networks and the fastest with a high data capacity in LTE 4th generation networks. The performance protocol of the cellular networks is affected by the round-trip times. With a low latency time, cellular networks have a very low round-trip time and thus are faster. Cellular networks have the feature that allows service providers increase the initial congestion window that has shown to increase data transfer. The cellular network technologies have several data transfer protocols that allow a transport layer mechanism that effective in securing communications between client-server.
This wireless network technology is a modification of the 802.11 technology the basis for Wi-Fi but it allows wireless access in vehicular environments. It allows data transmission between moving vehicles. IEEE 802.11p uses 5.850 to 5.925GHz bandwidth.
Low-power network is a wireless data transmission technology that allows transmission of packet data over wide geographical areas among connected devices at low bit rates. LPWAN is different from other wide area networks such as cellular systems in that the other network technologies transmit more packet data between users thus more power consumption. LPWANs have neither a standard technology nor a platform. They are offered and controlled by a variety of vendors such as Ultra Narrow band modulation technology and the chirp spread spectrum. LoRaWAN uses low radio frequencies within the radio spectrum that does not need licencing. The frequencies used are 125, 250 and 500 kHz that are country specific and thus allow for long range transmission. Data rate depends on the bandwidth selected and the spreading factor [8] .
In regard to the four network technologies which includes personal area network, mobile network, wireless wide area network and Wireless local area network with respect to the cyber physical systems and the internet of things. The best standard to be used for this case is the wireless local area network (WLAN). The best example of the WLAN is the wireless fidelity WI-FI. This is the best because for the cyber physical systems, the WLAN is secure since it only allows users who are around the hotspot to access and get connected to the network. Authentication is also available, this is to make sure that only authorized users are connected to the network. Users who are not authorized are blocked incase they access without the knowledge of the network system administrator. To the cyber, this helps the users to move from there desks since the network doesn’t require the use of physical connection.
Conclusion
There are different types of wireless communication technologies that allow data transfer between different computer systems and devices. In the cyber=physical systems and internet of things, low-power wide area networks should be implemented globally. If the idea of internet of things is extended, for example we can have cyber-physical production systems or smart-medicine systems that would reduce the cost and increase efficiency of production in the respective fields.
References
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G. O. Young, “Overview and evaluation of bluetooth low energy: An emerging low-power wireless technology” in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014, pp. 15-64.
S. M. HemmingtonPrinciples of wireless networks: A unified approach. Saskatoon: Univ. of Saskatchewan Press, 2017.
N. Osifchin and G. Vau, “Power considerations for the modernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries,” in Second Int. Telecommunications Energy Special Conf., 2017, pp. 9-16.
D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Moderating effects of job relevance and experience on mobile wireless technology acceptance: Adoption of a smartphone by individuals. Information & Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016.
O. B. R. Strimpel, “Computer networks,” in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010, pp. 279-283.
K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed. Boston: Course Technology, 2009.
M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Telecommunication Information Systems, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2015.
L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, “Investigating mobile wireless technology adoption: An extension of the technology acceptance model,” in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted in Human-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch Univ., 2015, pp. 32-37.
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