Wireless Telecommunications: Technologies And Standards For Cyber Physical Systems And IoT

Wireless Communication Technologies

Discuss about the Wireless Telecommunications And Security.

Wireless networks are the types of computer networks, which could not be connected with the help of cables. The typical methodology, through which various telecommunication networks as well as the business installations, introduce the connection, without involving any cables or wires within it is known as wireless networking [3]. This wireless network of telecommunication are usually implemented, incorporated or administrated with the help of radio communication. The implementation of wireless communication occurs within the physical layer in the network structure of OSI model.

The following report provides a brief discussion on the entire concept of wireless telecommunications with relevant details. This report will be focusing on the various technologies of wireless networking as well as their securities. The report is divided into three major parts. The first part covers a detailed comparison of technologies of wireless communication on the basis of few factors. The second part covers the distinct evaluation for nine wireless standards for cyber physical systems and internet of things. The third part covers the justification for the performance of the best network based on evaluation.

Wireless communication technology plays the most vital role in regular life. It is the sole part of daily activities [14]. The data transmission or information transmission from any one place to the other without the connection of wires is known as wireless communication. It allows the data exchange without the help of conductors and via radio signals or radio frequencies. The information that is being transmitted between the various devices covers distances from few meters to thousands of kilometres. This transmission is done via several well defined channels [1]. The various kinds of signals that are utilized for communication within wireless data transmission mainly include radio frequency, microwave, infrared and light wave transmissions.

The three popular wireless communication technologies are Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access or WiMax, Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity and Satellite communication [9]. The proper comparison between these three wireless communication technologies on the basis of four important factors, i.e. communication spectrum, techniques for modulation, MAC or medium access control and various network topologies is given below:

Key Factors	Satellite Communication	WiMax	Wireless Fidelity or Wi-Fi
i) Communication Spectrum	The spectrum for communication of the satellite communication technology is different for various devices [5]. There are six bands, which are L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band and Ka-band. The spectrums are 1-2 GHz, 2-4 GHZ, 4-8 GHz, 8-12 GHz, 12-18 GHz and 26-40 GHz.	The spectrum for communication of the WiMax is different for several places in the world. The frequencies that are maximum used are 3.5 GHz, 2.3 GHz and 2.5 GHz for the protocol 802.16e and the frequencies of 5.8 GHz and 3.5 GHz for the protocol of 802.16d [2].	The spectrum for communication of the Wireless Fidelity is different for several places in the world. The various protocols of the IEEE 802.11 systems are 802.11ah, 802.11af, 802.ad, 802.11ac, 802.11n, 802.11g, 802.11b and 802.11a [13]. The various frequency bands are 700 MHz, below 1 GHz, up to 60 GHz, below 6 GHz, 5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz respectively.
ii) Modulation Techniques	The modulation techniques for the satellite communication technologies are BPSK or binary phase shift keying, QPSK or quadrature phase shift keying and OQPSK or orthogonal quadrature phase shift keying [7].	The various modulation techniques for the technology of WiMax are binary phase shift keying or BPSK, quadrature phase shift keying or QPSK, 16 quadrature amplitude modulation or 16 QAM and 64 quadrature amplitude modulation or 64 QAM [10].	The two modulation techniques for the WI-Fi or wireless fidelity are CCK or complementary coded keying and QPSK or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying [6].
iii) Medium Access Control Mechanism	The protocols of medium access control mechanism of the satellite communication are TDMA or time division multiple access and FDMA or frequency division multiple access [4].	The medium access control mechanism of the WiMax is the fulfilling of several requirements such as providing support of communication to each and every connection of point to multi point and the connection orientation [12]. The most significant tasks are the reception of data and the transmission of data.	The medium access control mechanism of the wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi is the typical underlying technology for wireless local area network, which is completely based on various specifications of the IEEE 802.11, and thus providing the data link layer of the system of Ethernet LAN [1].
iv) Network Topologies	The various network topologies of satellite technology are TDMA and hybrid topology, switched topology and point to point and point to multi point topology [3].	The two topologies of network for the communication of WiMax are black haul topology and mesh topology [8].	The various network topologies of the communication of wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi are peer to peer topology, AP based topology and the point to multipoint bridge topology [13].

 

The proper evaluation of nine standards of wireless communication for the Internet of Things or IoT and systems for cyber physical is as follows:

a) UHF RFID and NFC: An UHF RFID read is eventually implemented for meeting all the requirements of acquisition of data within the Internet of Things or IoT. Since, the power consumption is very low and could be easily expanded; it can fulfil all the practical requirements of the perception layer within IoT [5]. The CPS or cyber physical system helps to combine as well as coordinate physical systems and computational entities into one. UHF RFID is the form of CPS as it comprises of a storage function and the controlling element is under MCU.

Comparison of Technologies of Wireless Communication

Near Field Communication or NFC is the set of communication protocols, allowing two devices for communication with one another. Smart phone should be one of them. The distance of communication is 4cm. NFC should be used with IoT as together they are convenient, saves energy, provides high security and helps to track the fitness as well as health care [10]. Moreover, NFC provides the capability in connecting the unconnected and has easy networking access or data sharing. NFC provides high security to the smart phones and helps to stop eavesdropping, relay attacks and many more for cyber physical systems.

b) ZigBee and Z-Wave: The protocol of ZigBee is one of the specifications for IEEE 802.15 that provides communication. PAN or personal area network is created with this protocol. The cost of this protocol is much lesser than the rest of the wireless communication standard. ZigBee devices could be easily integrated within the systems in the industry of IoT through the gateways of ZigBee [11]. The protocol is safe and secured and provides stability. ZigBee protocol and the cyber physical system could be integrated together for providing the highest level of secured communication to the users. Since, this wireless network platform utilizes the low powered microcontroller of CC2530, the CPS could be easily integrated with less power.

Z-Wave is another protocol of wireless communication, which is used in many houses. This mesh network used radio waves of lower energy. The Internet of Things or IoT is powered by Z-Wave. The smart lighting devices of IoT could be considered to be implemented the specific mesh network wireless protocol of Z-Wave for communicating from 100 feet away [4]. The Z-Wave protocol helps the CPS in various fields like robotics, process controlling, automated vehicles and medical systems. This mainly occurs where the cyber systems and the physical systems are combined.

c) Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy: The easiest mode of data transfer without any problem with a wireless technology in shorter distances is known as Bluetooth technology. The wavelength is between 2.40 GHz until 2.485 GHz [14]. In Internet of Things, the major strength of Bluetooth is the communication within the devices like tablets and smart phones. For the CPS, Bluetooth is connected to the systems and thus providing proper hassle free communication is shorter distance. The data consumption is also very low.

Bluetooth Low Energy is the wireless standard for PAN and is very effective. All operating systems could use this technology. For IoT, Bluetooth low energy provides connectivity to the devices and alerts the system of home automation system and many more applications are present [9]. Thus, is very effective for all users. For CPS, Bluetooth 4.0 is utilized for communicating within the distributed slave microcontrollers and master computers.

Evaluation for Nine Standards of Wireless Communication for the IoT and cyber physical systems, and the Performance of the Best Network

d) Cellular Systems: The cellular system in IoT is known as the Cellular Internet of Things or CIoT and has three distinct technologies, which are NB IoT, EC GSM IoT and LTE M. All these technologies are the most effective and efficient technologies in radio access [7]. The cellular systems for the CPS are known as mobile cyber physical system and provide various communication radios, intelligent applications, computational resources and many others.

e) IEEE 802.11p: The amendment of IEEE 802.11, this protocol is effective when enabled with the IoT. It supports communications in vehicular speeds and thus the protocol is the most utilized technology. For CPS, it provides smart transportations to the users.

f) LPWAN: The low power wide area network with IoT has various players like Weightless SIG, Sigfox and Ingenu [5]. All of them are much effective. For CPS, this network provides connection to huge distance with very less power consumption.

On the basis of evaluation for the Internet of Things or IoT and systems for cyber physical, the best network performance is UHF RFID. One of the most effective as well as RFID provides extremely higher frequency bandwidth. UHF RFID or ultra high frequency RFID device explicitly covers the basic range of 300 MHz until 3 GHz. Thus, it is the best.

Conclusion

Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, the basic utilization of this wireless network helps the organizations in avoiding all the expensive processes for the introduction of cables within houses or buildings. The connection between two or more different locations could be easily done with the wireless network. The wireless connections of data have become extremely popular within various network nodes. The above report has properly outlined the details of the wireless telecommunications with the help of various examples. The most significant examples of the wireless networks mainly include wireless sensor networks, WLAN or wireless local area network, networks of cell phones, microwave networks, satellite telecommunication networks and many more. Subdivision of the report is done on the basis of various factors. The first part is the comparison of wireless communication technologies in terms of four factors. The second subdivision is the evaluation of wireless communication standards for cyber physical systems and internet of things and the third part is the identification of the wireless communication standard based on the evaluation of wireless communication standards for cyber physical systems and internet of things.

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