Explain what work sampling is and how it is used / might be used in workplace.
Work sampling is used to determine the amount of time in hours spent on various tasks by organizational employees. In other words, it is statistically used to find out how much time is spent on different kinds of activities. This technique is mostly used in industrial Engineering companies to estimate the amount of resources used to accomplish a given task and such resources are machines and labor
Work sampling is mostly applied in the field. A big sampling size composed of workers is used to conducta work sampling study. For one to have accuracy in the study, random observations must be taken within that study period and should also represent all kinds of work done. Using random observations and systematic approach, data is collected from the repeated observations of the same workers.It is then correlated with the time which has elapsed between the measurements and observations.
Write down steps in collection and analysis of work sampling data.
The following are the steps used in collecting and analyzing work sampling data.
The first procedure is to define the tasks so as the standard time can be determined. The second is to decide which task elements are to be used. These can be categorized as work being idle, absent and waiting for work. The third procedure is designing the study. Recordings and questionnaires are used to get all the information required. The fourth procedure is identifying who will conduct the sampling from the observers. After identifying the appropriate observers, begin the sampling study. Next is selecting the random visits to the organizations and collecting all the necessary information. Finally, compiling,analyzing and presenting the results after the study is complete. The analysis of the data is done using the statistical techniques. The nominal observations are then correlated between repeated outcomes. These techniques are motivated by describing the work sampling study and then comparing the results which are empirically obtained from analyses
Find the limit of accuracy achieved for each of the activities of each person, to a 95% confidence level.
John
Repairing machine
Using;
Where, n=pq/?p2
?p= standard error of proportion
P= percentage of idle time
q= percentage of working
n= number of observations
=1.6
The limit accuracy for repairing the machine is equal to 1.6
Awaiting for access permit
=1.0
Therefore, the limiting accuracy for awaiting the access permit is 1.0
Finding plant draws and information
=0.5
The limiting accuracy for finding plant draws and information is 0.5
Not at job site
=0.7
The limiting accuracy for not at the job site is 0.7
Awaiting supporting trades
=0.7
The limiting accuracy for awaiting the supporting trades is 0.7
Not occupied
=1.6
The limiting accuracy for not occupied is 1.6
Travelling
=1.0
The limiting accuracy for travelling is 1.0
Kate
Repairing machine
3.1
The limiting accuracy for repairing machine is 3.1
Awaiting access permit
=1.4
The limiting accuracy for awaiting access permit is 1.4
Finding plant draws and information
=0.6
The limiting accuracy for finding plant draws and information is 0.6
Not at the job site
=0.4
The limiting accuracy for not at the job site is 0.4
Awaiting supporting trades
=0.8
The limiting accuracy for awaiting supporting trades is 0.8
Not occupied
=1.5
The limiting accuracy for not occupied is 1.5
Travelling
=0.9
The limiting accuracy for travelling is 0.9
Paul
Repairing machine
=3.3
The limiting accuracy for repairing machine is 3.3
Awaiting for access permit
=1.3
The limiting accuracy for awaiting the access permit is 1.3
Finding plant drawings and information
=0.4
The limiting accuracy for finding plant drawings and information is 0.4
Not at the job site
=0.4
The limiting accuracy for not being at the job site is 0.4
Awaiting supporting trades
=0.8
The limiting accuracy for awaiting supporting trades is 0.8
Not occupied
=1.2
The limiting accuracy for not occupied is 1.2
Travelling
=1.1
The limiting accuracy for travelling is 1.1
Eva
Repairing machine
=2.5
The limiting accuracy for repairing machine is 2.5
Awaiting for access permit
=1.2
The limiting accuracy for waiting for access permit is 1.2
Finding plant drawings and information
=0.5
The limiting accuracy for finding plant drawings and information is 0.5
Not at the job site
=0.7
The limiting accuracy for not being at the job site is 0.7
Awaiting supporting trades
=0.7
The limiting accuracy for awaiting supporting trades is 0.7
Not occupied
=1.4
The limiting accuracy for not occupied is 1.4
Travelling
=1.2
The limiting accuracy for travelling is 1.2
Question 2A.3
Number of observations required;
N= Z^2pq/E^2
Where,
E= absolute error
P= percentage of idle
Q= percentage of working
Z= coefficient of the confidence level
Then;
N = (1.96^2*17.6*59.6)/0.03^2
=4477444.4
Therefor, 4477444.4 readings are needed by John for each of the activities to be performed
Question 2A.4
Work sampling is good based on the data since it determines the rate at which the resources like machines and workers are being used. It shows how much time is taken for the activity to be completed by the worker and also time he or she has been idle. In this case, as the manager, I would allocate the resources and time effectively to reduce idleness among workers.
Activity 2B
= Q/2 *Ch + A/Q*Cp+
Where, Ch= holding cost per unit
Cp= cost to place a single order
Q= quantity ordered
A= demand for year
TAC = 100/2 *(60*96) +96/100*(50*96)
=$292608
Comparing with;
Purchase cost (without discount) = total demand * cost of each unit = 96*60 = $5760
Ordering cost = number of orders per year * cost of placing each order.
For option 1, OC = 4 * 50 = $200
For option 2, OC = 1*50 = $50
Holding cost = Average inventory = 1/2 (EOQ for option 1 and 100 for option 2) * cost per holding one item * holding cost rate for option 1 and 54 unit cost for option 2 =1/2 (4 + 100) * 60 * 50 * 54 = $8424000
As a recommendation, I would recommend the company to minimize the total purchase costs since they appear to be larger than the ordering and holding costs.
Activity 2C
Cost of using the parts = $2000
Stockholding cost = 25% of 2000 = $500
Cost of stock out = $20000
Lead time = 6 months
Therefore, quantity to be held = {(2*annual demand *cost per order)/ (holding cost)}1/2 *lead time
= {(2*96*50)/ (500)}1/2 *6
= 26 parts should be held in store.
Activity 2D
= [2*(1000*75)/18.75]1/2
=89.44 number of tyres
The quantity per order should be 89 units of tyres.
But daily demand = annual demand / number of working days = from standard deviation of daily demand = 2^2= 4
So, re order = 4*5+1000 = 1020 and reorder level = (1000/1020) *100=98.0%.
Therefore, a batch of filters should be re-ordered at the level of 98.0%
Activity 2E
Data collection tablehelps to organize the data collected into columns and rows.Data analyzing table shows how the data collected is analyzed from a table and each row corresponds to a particular record of the data. Data recording table contains information about a single individual or item in table. Let travelling = T, Emails= E, Drawing =D, Machining =M, Cleaning =C, inspecting =I, Operating =O, programming =P, Waiting for material =W, Administration meetings =A, Planning =PL.
From the tables below, 1- represents doing that activity and 0- not doing that activity.
Data collection table
Table1
|
Weeks |
|||||||||||||||
|
Activities |
Mon |
Tue |
Wed |
Thu |
Fri |
Sat |
Sun |
Mon |
Tue |
Wed |
Thu |
Fri |
Sat |
Sun |
Sum |
|
T |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
E |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
D |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
|
M |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
C |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
I |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|||
|
O |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
||||
|
P |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
W |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||||
|
A |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||
|
PL |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Table2
Data recording table
|
Data from two weeks |
|||||||||
|
Activities |
Mon |
Tue |
Wed |
Thu |
Fri |
Sat |
Sun |
Average |
|
|
TE |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
D |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
M |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|||
|
C |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||||
|
I |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
O |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|||||
|
P |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
||
|
W |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|||
|
A |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|||
|
PL |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Data analyzing table
Table3
|
Activities |
M |
T |
W |
Th |
Fri |
Sat |
Sun |
Mon |
Tue |
Wed |
Thu |
Fri |
Sat |
Sun |
Valid % |
Frqu |
|
T |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|||
|
E |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|||||||
|
D |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
M |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|||||||
|
C |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
I |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
|
O |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
||||
|
P |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
||||||||
|
W |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|||||||
|
A |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||||
|
PL |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Time log system
Table 4
|
Activities |
Week 1 week2 |
Week 1 week2 |
Component responsible |
|
Working hours |
Idle hours |
||
|
Date Time |
Date Time |
||
|
T |
Mon 2-3pm |
Mon 8-1pm |
A |
|
E |
Tue 4-5pm |
Tue 9-12pm |
D |
|
D |
Wed 9-1pm |
Wed 4-6pm |
V |
|
M |
Thu 8-5pm |
Thu 12-6pm |
E |
|
C |
Fri 7-4pm |
Fri 8-10am |
R |
|
I |
Sat 10-2pm |
Sat 9-2pm |
G |
|
O |
Sun 4-6pm |
Sun 9-12pm |
G |
|
P |
Mon 8-3pm |
Mon 10-3pm |
E |
|
W |
Tue 1-5pm |
Tue 3-8pm |
T |
|
A |
Wed 12-5pm |
Wed 6-10pm |
G |
|
PL |
Thu 10-4pm |
Thu 4-11pm |
B |
Memo
The memo highlights the research carried out about the log time system and data collected using the work sampling technique. From week one to week two, it is significant that the log time system is important in the utilization of individual time. The study found out that, time is very well managed using the time log system unlike in situations where it is absent. In this case the time log system is significant in time utilization by the individuals. Therefore, managers are advised to come up with their own time log systems for their workers. In this case, they will appropriately follow their time log systems not waste time in other unproductive activities.
I think there is another method of getting such data, where one could use the observational method only without involving the workers. In this method, only the researcher finds out what is taking in an areawithout the individuals knowing. The method is carried out using cameras, simple recordings and eyes of the researcher. It is a good method because correct information is obtained. Here individuals do not take part in the exercise.
References
Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim.GE’s Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal. UK Guardian. 2009.
CARO F. Zara uses operations research to reengineer its global distribution process. Interfaces, Vol. 40 (1), pp. 71-84. 2010.
CARO F., and GALLIEN J. Inventory Management of a Fast-Fashion Retail Network. Operations Research, Vol. 58 (2), pp. 257-273.2010.
Eggermont, M., Brennan, R., & Freiheit, T. Improving A Capstone Design Course Through Mindmapping. Advances in Engineering Education, Spring. 2010, 1-26.
GUAN W., and REHME F . Vertical integration in supply chains: Driving forces and consequences for manufacturer’s downstream integration. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 187-201. (PDF) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT.2012.
Malakooti, B. Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley & Sons.ISBN9781118585375.2013.STUDY.Availablefrom:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318858943_OPERATIONAL_MANAGEMENT_STUDY [accessed Sep 01 2018].
MADAPUSI A., and D’SOUZA D..The influence of ERP system implementation on the operational performance of an organization.2012. International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 32, pp.24-34 (PDF) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT STUDY. Available from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318858943_OPERATIONAL_MANAGEMENT_STUDY [accessed Sep 01 2018].
MARTINEZ S., ERRASTI A., and RUDBERG M.. Adapting Zara’s “Pronto Moda” to a value brand retailer. Journal Production Planning & Control: the management of operations, Vol. 26 (9), pp. 723-737 .2015.
O Engenheiro de Produção da UFSCar está apto a” [Production Engineer UFSCar is able to] (in Portuguese). Departamento de Engenharia de Produção (DEP).2013.
SCHROEDER G. R., GOLDSTEIN M. S., and RUNGTUSANATHAM J. M., . Operations Management: contemporary concepts and cases. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill International Edition. (PDF) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT STUDY.2011. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318858943_OPERATIONAL_MANAGEMENT_STUDY [accessed Sep 01 2018].
SLACK N., BRANDON-JONES A., and JOHNSTON R., . Operations management. 8th edition. Pearson Education.2016.
SLACK N., CHAMBERS S., and JOHNSTON R. Operations management. 6th edition. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.2010.
Ssemakula, M., Liao, G., & Ellis, D. Closing the Competency Gap in Manufacturing Processes As It Applies To New Engineering Graduates. Advances in Engineering Education, Spring. 2010, 1-16. [7]
TOUGHNICKEL. Zara’s business operations and strategy – How and why it works. [online]. ToughNickel, Industries, Manufacturing. Available from: https://toughnickel.com/industries/Business-Operations-of-Clothing-Retailer-Zara[Accessed 2nd May 2017]. (PDF) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT STUDY. 2017. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318858943_OPERATIONAL_MANAGEMENT_STUDY [accessed Sep 01 2018].
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download