1. Can you identify any policy or program in that country which is specifically designed for ‘Healthy Ageing’. Comment on its performance / give recommendations if there is no such policy/ program in your chosen country.
2. Briefly describe the current global burden of tuberculosis (TB).Characterise the main features of the DOTS program.Compare and contrast the public health control measures implemented to deal with TB as opposed to the public health measures for controlling measles.
3. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of each system.Comment on the proportion of the health budget allocated to public health activities (e.g., prevention) within each system.
4. Using the ecosystems perspective, identify all the environmental threats seen in the videos.Tabulate the potential risks and hazards, using the hazards & risk table given in module and also incorporating the concept of ‘Source- Chain Effect.
In this report the country that is considered is Australia. It is the most high income country that has mostly large and growing population. In Australia more than 15% population is of 65 years. The ageing population will be increasing in coming years and the reason of rising population is due to decline in mortality rate and low fertility rate. The ageing population also affects the health system of the country. The population of Australia ha also increased from 20th century. According to the Bureau of Australia Statistics it is considered that life expectancy rate and net immigrations will increase in coming years (Aihw, 2016). The population increases more in the capital area of Australia due to opportunities and increasing migration. The ageing population is also effected by the changing demographic face of Australia. The working population is Australia is around 15-64 years they are busy in education and workforce participation in also growing. The cultural diversity of Australia is also affected by the immigration due to diverse culture. Australia population is divided into few sectors, at the age of 15-64 years people are usually stable and the people at the age of 65 years and above are also increasing. It is projected that by 2056 the Australian population will be around 8.7 million (Aihw, 2016).
The median age is marked by younger people and the over sea of Australian born population is more. The ageing population states that the portion of men will also increase as compared to women. The ageing population creates the pressure for the country b Australia’s health and welfare sectors. The very young population in Australia is under 15 years. The population of Australia increases due to non-permanent migration, onshore migration and increased diversity. The ageing population both shares a global experience and helps in developing the world population. The population of Australia can be managed due to good economic and financial position. Australia have well defined policies to deal with low unemployment rate and helps in providing proper education. It is important to keep track of ageing population as government need to decide budgets regarding all the crises.
The policy are designed to maintain healthy ageing in Australia that covers the effects of economic growth, government revenues, health support as well as provisions for long term. The policies are designed to maintain the dignity, respect, social structure of people that allow them to realize. For healthy ageing population Australia has launched policy for ‘Healthy life better ageing’ to design policies for betterment of health. The policy listens to all the concerns regarding the health issues to improve the viability of health. These policies are designed to optimize the health technologies and need to keep update of the disabilities that are faced by people. The health ageing agenda of Australia states that promotion regarding all the health strategy is done among the people. They generate actions plans that would work throughout the life. Thus these policies are helpful as they prove for betterment of health.
According to world health organisation, the burden of tuberculosis is increasing day by day. Tuberculosis can be treated as an economic burden as it is generally linked with poverty, poor living conditions and malnutrition. It is due to the fact that poor people do not get facility to live a healthy life. Thus it gives rise to increase in tuberculosis. It is treated as a burden as it decreases the overall capacity of a person to work. The burden can be summed up in terms of economic consumption (Saloman, 2016). According to the world health organisation it is estimated that the overall productivity is decreases and also causes loss of income in some cases. According to the research it can be stated that it causes loss of 12 billion from the global economy. The risk factor of tuberculosis is HIV that may causes death of a person.
DOT stands for directly observed treatment and it is a control strategy for t tuberculosis that is recommended by the World Health Organization. The DOT program is beneficial as it helps in taking medications and help patients to end their tuberculosis therapy quickly. It removes the unnecessary gaps and also prevents the disease to spread future. It also decreases the risk of drugs that may result in causing resistance results. It also decreases the chances of failure in the treatment (Galin & Konshina, 2015). DOT programs are beneficial as they coordinate with all the internal and external partners. Apart from that these programs help in making data driven decisions. They identify the opportunities and failure so that a plan with the proper budget could be discovered.
There is a difference between the control measures for TB and for controlling measles. Measles is a viral infection that directly infects the respiratory system and it can be controlled by getting a vaccination and by guiding patients to maintain hygiene in all the public places. Getting a vaccination and discussing the symptoms with the doctors helps in understanding the side effects. Apart from that it can be controlled by checking the immunity of the surrounding (Sfcdcp, 2016).
On the other side TB can be controlled by first checking that it is not transmitted from ne adult to another. This is done by finding out the patient that is suffering from active TB so that treatment could be made immediately for curing the disease so that it does not get transmitted future (Hawkins, Houpt, Eidels & Townsend, 2016). The second step to control and prevent TB is to take care for patient suffering from latent TB so that it does not develop into an active disease. The vaccination or drug treatment could also be used to prevent effects of TB.
The prevention of measles suggests that close contact should be avoided from people who are sick. On the other hand TB does not spread from one person or other by touching. Apart from that there are no drugs that may kill measles completely and they get improved by themselves with in time (Hawkins, Houpt, Eidels & Townsend, 2016). On the other hand the regular dose of TB helps in preventing the disease.
Every country follows different HCS, thus for now the case of US and Australia is discussed.
In case of US health care system every individual has right to access the health service. On the other hand Australia has a 2-tier system that is public and private. All the citizens of the country can access to the free emergency department. The priority is given to the care and life of patient rather than money (Duckett & Willcox, 2015). Australia covers all the citizens but the US health care system only covers the people who have low income and those who are old. They also differ in terms of cost as the cost in US hospital system is high process as compared to other countries.
Australia Health care system
Advantages- They allow gap in payment. There are more choices of doctors and hospitals. Apart from that accommodation is also of choice and they cover all the insurance and other benefits (Wakerman, et. al, 2017).
Disadvantages- they have cost of services and in they do not offer any Medicare facility.
US Health care system
Advantages- They offer best quality of service that too in lower cost. The price is controlled by government and all the medication and medical services are negotiable (Burwell, 2015). They have standardized billing procedures and there is no change in billing rules.
Disadvantages- most of the treatment is free thus an individual is careless about the procedures (Burwell, 2015). Apart from that they do not offer any financial incentive.
Australia health care system have estimated outcome of around 83.2 million dollar for healthy life style of citizen living there. For economic partnership they have support with Philippines that incest in the aid initiatives promotion. The government of Australia have also launched many plans for betterment of the country (O’brien, 2016). They have fixed budget that is used to remove poverty and prosperity ratio from the country and contribute in stable living standard.
Similarly if considered the case US the health expenditure sources of funds is around 431 million. They have kept funding for various activity programs that grants the states to expand by offering more services regarding all the disorders (O’brien, 2016). They organise campaigns to encourage consumers and generate awareness among people. Around 23 lakhs of budget is kept for all the fast prevention and also for promoting hospitality. The outcome of these funding’s help in increasing number of federal agencies in the country for betterment (Birsoy, et. al, 2015).
In the video it clearly shows the case when food gets ceased. The food is not allowed while travelling still people carry them, and it involves various ingredients which are not allowed. It was seen in the videos that various kind of insects where also caught. It includes various environmental threats as the future supply these products with higher price. They also include harmful ingredients which could be used in terms of smuggling. They mostly try to carry fake and dangerous drinks and food that is not at all safe for the health of people around the world. They also increase the chances of disease from one country to another. There are many diseases that enter in the country due to overseas country. Some of the fruits and food have a special kind of fungus that causes disease that is dangerous for health. Thus a proper ecosystem approach is used to balance the environmental conditions.
The role in source chain is to find cost effective supplier so that best value us offered to customers and they also offer clear understanding regarding the customers demand. They also offer new ventures differentiating themselves on the behalf of production strategy and customer specialization (LeBlanc, et. al, 2017).
They face difficulty at time of coordinating with the flow of supply chain and dealing with taxes and duty parameters of different countries. There are risk of trade barriers and uncertainty in government stability (Li, Tse & Fok, 2016). There are high risk at time of fluctuating exchange rates and also while transfer prices. There exists risk in terms of environment as well as organisation. The external risk can be due to the natural disasters and internal risk can be done to conflicts in the organisation (Wilhelm, Blome, Bhakoo & Paulraj, 2016). There can be risk due to network as it links various uncertainties to the system. Thus these risks can lead to potential damage and sometimes causes adverse effect that is hazard (Fraj, Matute & Melero, 2015). A supply chain is a pointer that has chances of risk and links senior management of the company with the stakeholders (Li, Tse & Fok, 2016).
I tried by level best to actively participate in all the conversations related to this report. My participation was analysing the question and then have a deep analyse and research of the topic. It somewhere helped me to gain more knowledge and become aware about the facts and figures which I was unaware about. I communicate with all the group members and also kept update about the role that were assignment to the team mates. He work was completed on timely manner and everyone gave their equal participation. The work load was also shared in some cases that help me to build up the team working capability. My personal contribution was to understanding the questions and do appropriate research and check the role that is assigned to team members.
References
Aihw. (2016). Older Australia at a glance. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/demographics-of-older-australians/australia-s-changing-age-and-gender-profile.
Birsoy, K., Wang, T., Chen, W. W., Freinkman, E., Abu-Remaileh, M., & Sabatini, D. M. (2015). An essential role of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in cell proliferation is to enable aspartate synthesis. Cell, 162(3), 540-551.
Burwell, S. M. (2015). Setting value-based payment goals—HHS efforts to improve US health care. N Engl J Med, 372(10), 897-899.
Duckett, S., & Willcox, S. (2015). The Australian health care system (No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press.
Fraj, E., Matute, J., & Melero, I. (2015). Environmental strategies and organizational competitiveness in the hotel industry: The role of learning and innovation as determinants of environmental success. Tourism management, 46, 30-42.
Galin, I. F., & Konshina, E. A. (2015). Optical response features of LC cells doped with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots management. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 615(1), 57-62.
Hawkins, R. X., Houpt, J. W., Eidels, A., & Townsend, J. T. (2016). Can two dots form a Gestalt? Measuring emergent features with the capacity coefficient. Vision research, 126, 19-33.
LeBlanc, J. G., Chain, F., Martín, R., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Courau, S., & Langella, P. (2017). Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Microbial cell factories, 16(1), 79.
Li, W. C., Tse, H. F., & Fok, L. (2016). Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 566, 333-349.
O’brien. L. (2016). a comparison of the us and australian healthcare systems. Retrieved from https://onthewards.org/the-inside-scoop-part-one-a-comparison-of-the-us-and-australian-healthcare-systems/.
Saloman. L. (2016). Tuberculosis, DTP, & Measles Vaccines and Associations with Childhood Mortality management . Retrieved from https://www.contagionlive.com/news/tuberculosis-dtp-and-measles-vaccines-and-associations-with-childhood-mortality.
Sfcdcp. (2016). Measles. Retrieved from https://www.sfcdcp.org/infectious-diseases-a-to-z/l-to-r/measles/.
Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P., & Jones, J. (2017). A systematic review of primary health care delivery models in rural and remote Australia 1993-2006.
Wilhelm, M. M., Blome, C., Bhakoo, V., & Paulraj, A. (2016). Sustainability in multi-tier supply chains: Understanding the double agency role of the first-tier supplier. Journal of Operations Management, 41, 42-60.
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