Discuss About The Rethinking Pattern Of External Referencing?
Investment in education can be considered as the main focus of the economic developmental policy of country. This investment can also be regarded as investment in human capital. Such type of investments can benefit the people in the present as well as in the future. The Senate of Australia has signed different bills and this has helped in improving the schools and universities of the country. The higher education institutes of Australia do not receive the full amount of fees which is paid by the students. Under such circumstances, the students expect that they will get more benefit from the university but they do not get so. The government will reduce its expenditure on education and the students have to take loans from the banks to continue their higher education (Thompson and Cook 2014). The rise in fees and faster repayment schedules of the students will be accompanied by efficiency dividend and thus it helps in reducing the fund which is involved in teaching. The quality of education that will be delivered by the universities for such students will be under financial stress. The performance contingent funding will help the universities in the reduction of funds. In many cases, it was seen that the universities gets overfunded but the funding reduction and the hike in fees were less compared to the expectations of the students. The Australian Government has accounting a wide range of reforms to improve the quality of higher education sector. These reforms will provide more choice to the students and thus increase the accountability and transparency in higher education. These reforms in higher education sector will be responsive and it will fulfill the aspirations of the students and the needs of the future workers (Savage et al. 2013).
The people of Australia give more preference to education and their social and economic success. It can be said that education plays a vital role for the promotion of social mobility. The expenditure on primary and tertiary education in Australia is 5.6% of the total GDP (Hardy 2014). The spending on primary, secondary, tertiary and non-tertiary education is increasing at a faster rate than the growth of the students. The universities along with the government are trying to reduce the cost of spending on education. The universities and the educational institutions are not only trying to retain the students but also improving the quality of education. The reforms will also help in improving the sustainability of higher education. This will be done by sharing the cost of education between the students and the tax payers and strengthening the responsibility for quality teaching and learning. The students will have to pay higher amount of fees and thus their share in the funding process will increase. This will be phased in from 2018 to 2021 with 1.8% increase each year (Ford 2015). The students will also receive private returns from this reform which may yield either financial or non-financial benefits. The Government is also trying to reduce the fund of the Australian Universities by 20%. Moreover some universities also get extra funds and thus it helps them to increase their efficiency level (Singh et al. 2014).
There will be arrangements for indexation which will help in the repayment of thresholds for Higher Education Loan Progarmme (HELP). This new schedule of the repayment threshold will be accompanied by improved arrangements which will help in the indexation of thresholds. There will also be subsidies accompanied with loans for the permanent citizens of New Zealand and Australia. These students will be treated as domestic students and thus they will receive CGS subsidies. They will not be eligible for HELP loans except the Australian students. Thus, this reform will try to address the anomalous environment by extending loans to the permanent citizens and remove CSPs. The students instead of paying upfront fees will be eligible to defer payments in their tuition fees through student loans. The access to student loans will attract the new students for whom the upfront payment was a disincentive and hurdle in their study. The Government o Australia will commit $15 million in four years and thus assist in the management and establishment of regional study centers in Australia. This reform will also help to identify the gaps in the university provisions for the remote students who want to pursue their education in their home country or their regional area. Therefore these hubs will also support the regional students to pursue the courses which can be delivered by any university in Australia through distance mode. It will help to reduce the upfront course and the fixed operation cost which will do be suitable for any university which is dependent on student’s contribution (Lingard and McGregor 2014).
The focus of the educational reforms in Australia must be such that it concentrates on the learning capabilities of the students. The students must be given quality education though it is seen that the Australian Government do not pay much emphasis on the quality of education. The main baseline for measuring the success of economic reform in Australia is the standard of education. The students of Australia who are weak and are underperformer are supported by the government and the universities and they must be brought up to the standard. The universities select the skilled persons to provide assistance to such students. The Government or the authority should not make any changes in the education system without analyzing the outcomes. Australia must learn from other countries which have implemented the reforms in education sector. This will help the universities to identify the capabilities which are required to bring these changes. Thus, it can be said that proper planning is necessary to implement the changes in the economy and understand the phases of educational reforms (Macdonald 2013).
The shortfall in the funding of the universities will be provided by the students. The Government has proposed that it will remove the cap on the tuition fees of the students and thus allow the university to setup their own fees structure. The Government of Australia also expects that this deregulation will create competition which is based on innovation and quality. It will also provide more choice and opportunities for the students. The universities sometimes will have to face difficult situations such as they might not be sure of how much fund to expect in from the students. Sometimes there might be cross subsidies from different courses and in such cases there might be low government contribution and high student contribution. There has been widespread speculation on how the fees might increase. Though the Government has predicted that there will be increase in fees and this will help to amend the HELP provisions and thus remove the cap on the amount a student may borrow. The budget measures which are related to HELP will increase the cost of deferring the loans. The deregulate provision for the fees has commenced from 2016 for the students who has applied from 2014. Further arrangements will be made for the current students who are pursuing different courses in various universities of Australia (theconversation.com 2017).
According to different economists, there are various factors which are associated with the success of educational reforms. This includes equal resources of educational opportunities, materials and a proper environment. On the other hand, many economists have stated that the reforms have failed because there was limited support by the local authority to implement the changes. Moreover, they did not have any commitment to produce and implement the changes. The economist who supported the functionalist policy has failed to diagnose the problem and thus they could not give proper solutions. They have also failed to find out the goals and the purposes of educational reforms in Australia. Moreover, there were certain reforms which were vaguely stated and thus it implies no implementation. The decision makers do not conduct the evaluation of the program before implementation of the reform programme (Thompson and Cook 2014).
The Australian economy and the labor market has been increasing progressively and thus change is reflected in tertiary education The higher education funding, regulation and policy are the responsibility of Australian Government and the government is working to achieve the approaches. The financing system of each sectors and their effect on tertiary education to operate in a much better way must be managed by the government. The shortcomings in tertiary education will have in differential treatment of students, inconsistent access to income contingent loans and inconsistent access to student income support. In higher education system in Australia there is effectively student entitlement to public subsidy for undergraduate courses and postgraduate courses. The state or the territory must increase the use of subsidy settings and various eligibility criteria to control different outlays. The students according to qualifications will receive different subsidies from the government in different states and territories of Australia. There are wide variations in the subsidy level based on the public benefits of the students. The variations in results will be applicable according to state and thus it will be inappropriate for the individual needs and circumstances in local as well as national level. The public university enrolment has been increasing rapidly especially when the demand driven growth is supported in different places (Kaiser et al. 2014).
An integrated tertiary education model funding must be applicable to all universities. There must be consistent and affordable HELP arrangements for the students who are enrolled with other universities. However, they will not be eligible to receive any kind of government subsidies. The government of Australia will finance the full cost of the students in such circumstances. There will be provision of consistent HELP loans and it will be applicable for all students irrespective of higher education programme. Another important benefit of expansion in the higher education system in Australia is to provide access to the students who are from diverse economic backgrounds Assistance must also be provided to the students in sub bachelor courses. This assistance must be demand driven. The current government policies largely imply that government needs to provide support to the students who are enrolled in private institutions at higher education level. The public university students must not only have their tuition fees subsidized by the government but they need not to pay any administration cost (Lingard et al. 2015).
With the implementation of HELP programme by the Australian Government, the students were benefitted because it has reduced the burden of the student. The cost of fees became lower. Moreover the outstanding loan balances were indexed and the students have to make repayment when they earn a minimum amount such that they can repay the loans. The students are provided with the opportunity that they can repay the loan based on their convenience and the government will bear the deferral cost for them. The Government will also provide support to the students for pursuing higher education. The students will be provided with various kinds of scholarship from the Government (Malak 2013.).
There should be better use of standards to improve the learning processes. It is important to focus on the learning ability of the students rather than implementing the changes without analyzing the effect. This requires better measurement and an approach which is based on standards and thus it priortizes the learning outcome of the students. It must also be ensured that the teachers are aware of the impact that will be on the students. Therefore, it is also critical to take a student centric approach on teaching. The main goal of the teachers must be such that they train the students in a way that they can become a resilient member in the society and thus capable of making a positive contribution in the social and economic goals (Framework 2013). The reforms will help in shaping the education system effectively. There is also a need to increase the availability of courses in Australian education and thus it must be framed so as to maximize the needs of the students. The courses that will be delivered by the providers will have the capacity to change according to the demands of the students. The disparity in funding arrangements in bachelor courses will be preferred more than the sub bachelor courses. The options which will be available to the students will also be very less and the cost will also diminish. An important benefit of the higher education sector is that the institutions will have the access to analyze the students from different economic backgrounds and circumstances. There may also be disparity for the students who are from disadvantaged backgrounds and thus their access to education will not be properly addressed. This is due to the strong growth in enrolments of different universities (Lingard et al. 2015).
The university leaders in Australia have favored the idea of setting up the tuition fees but the legislation has debated the entire process. There have been certain concerns in providing financial aid to the students as well as the reducing the tuition fees of the students. With the real level of public funding in the universities, the budget restraint and public competition has increased the expectation of the students. The government funding of each student has decreased in real terms since 1994. The frequently changing policies and the budget priorities has assured quality as well as improved the performance of the students. The changes made in the fees and funding will be difficult for the students to get accustomed with it and thus they will be looking for jobs in different areas (Takayama et al. 2013).
The private training institutions have performed very well in the provision of vocational education and training. There are certain private nonprofit government colleges which have received different kinds of government subsidies and this has to be compensated for different kinds of financial losses which arise from embargo on tertiary fees. It has been difficult to identify the institutions of Australia where there is no government provision. The available sources suggest that private education providers have sporadic and fluctuating existence in Australia. The on job and the in house training which are provided by the education institutions also need to undergo certain changes. The public sector of technical education of Australia is relatively small and needs to undergo certain changes. The dual system of post school vocational education and training which is famous in Australia will comprise large and small institutes. There was also complete separation of public providers and private providers which are accessible in terms of government resources (Waldow et al. 2014). Monopoly in case of public funding and recognition of other provisions in terms of higher level education is not recognized. The government also needs to take special care in this aspect. There must be a transition of recent training programmes and this will help in the improvement of market reform processes. Certain major steps have been taken in the direction of equalizing the financial condition under public and private providers which has to operate in different circumstances (Davidson et al. 2017). The higher education policy of Australia aimed to achieve internationally competitive higher prices and thus it expanded the opportunities of all the students. The agenda will focus on both the qualitative and quantitative aspect of education and thus it will reflect the global trends. The implementation and formulation of these policies will be examined accordingly. The theories and analytic framework will focus on different ambitious approaches and it will determine the policies and formulas which are to be implemented (Tan and Chua 2015).
Coercive federalism and competitive federalism are gaining importance in this present era. The government has to take a decision whether granting the schools and the universities higher level of autonomy will create difference despite the fact that the best and the top performing schools must be given higher level of autonomy (Gillies 2015). Certain reforms must also be implemented in the education level of the teachers. There should be a balance between the decentralization and centralization of power in the governance of the schools and universities in Australia. The education reform in Australia is more likely to be connected with the challenge of achieving “new federalism”. Moreover, social justice and fairness are the two core and vital issues which are associated in evaluating any kind of change in the educational reform. The main purpose of education is to establish a value chain system which conflicts with the concepts which are supported by the capitalist society (Bulfin et al. 2014).
Conclusion
The education policy in Australia is focused with the aim of achieving the economic growth which is vital and necessary for the improvement of the education system. The education policy of Australia focuses on the qualitative as well as quantitative perspective of education processes. It is necessary to consider education as an important engine for the future prosperity of Australia.The students of Australia who are weak and are underperformer must be supported by the government and the universities and they must be brought up to the standard. The universities must also appoint skilled persons to provide assistance to such students. The Government or the authority should not make any changes in the education system without analyzing the outcomes. Efforts must also be made to promote excellence in learning and teaching processes and thus providing quality education. Loans must be provided to people of all economic backgrounds so that every people can pursue higher education and thus take a loan to participate in the process. The restructing of HELP programme will help the students to repay the debts quickly and it will be interest free for them. The policy framework for the reforms in education system in Australia must basically focus on four main important aspects i.e. diversity, sustainability, quality and equity. The government must also increase the contribution of the students and thus strengthen the governance. Provision must also be made to provide full time quality education to the eligible students of Australia. The Government must provide financial assistance and ensure that there is quality in the higher education system.
Reference List
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