Discuss about the Wastewater Treatment Technologies of Textile Industry.
In the current textile industry, different kinds of procedure are exercised and most of them are generated in from the wastewater. In addition, there are many factors that may be the cause of effluents result like differences in the procedure, used fabric, and machinery (Holkar, 2016).
The textile wastewater is managed as a combined stream. For the purpose of water and chemicals recycle, it is mandatory for the industry to maintain the procedure stream and treat them separately. In addition, it is also analyzed that the literature review offers a conceptual understanding towards the research issues systematically.
The main aim of this research is to review of the emerging technologies in textile wastewater treatment.
This chapter is supportive to offer the conceptual understanding towards the waste water management in the textile industry. It discusses the meaning and concept of wastewater treatment in the textile industry. In addition, it can also be said that the current technical process of textile industry is also discusses in this section. This section is also imperative to gain the understanding towards many methods that can be effective to manage the waste water from the textile industry systematically.
As per the view of Jegatheesan et al. (2016) the textile industry is difficult industrial chains in the engineering industry. There are many stages many that are considered in the mechanical process of textile procedure like mercerizing, dyeing, scouring, desizing, bleaching, and sizing. There is a positive relationship between consecutive wet treatments and dry procedure. The textile industry produces a wide range of chemicals at all phases of garment production, fibers, and fabrics. It comprises solid wastes, noise pollution, and emissions to air for improving the environmental science.
In support of this, Holkar et al. (2016) stated that the primary concern of environment in the textile industry is about water and chemical issues. In addition, it is also analyzed that the textile industry is very intensive. Water is practiced to clean the raw material at the time of whole procedure of production. In addition, it is also stated that a textile industry has used approximately 200 L of water to generate 1 kg of textile. Water is generally practiced for the use of the chemical in the textile. It can support to raise the manufactured textile. Textile industry has used different kinds of fabrics that can be harmful for the people. At the same time, it can also be said that the quality of chemicals and fabrics can be different from industry to industry.
On the other hand, Ghaly et al. (2014) stated that a textile industry has used 39% of water at the time of bleaching, 7%in printing, 15 % in dyeing, 13 % in the boiler, and 24% for other activities. Consequently, many procedures of textile industry can be caused by the water population. In addition, it is also addressed that an organization uses a huge amount of water to meet their goal. However, the used water is a combination of different kinds of chemicals and other harmful dyes, which can negative impact on the environment.
Gosavi and Sharma (2014) argued that textile industry includes many kinds of raw material, process, and machinery to plan the needed shape and assets of the final product and services. In addition, it is also found that the waste stream is developed in the textile industry which is relied on the water-based sewage. Moreover, it can be said that the water-based sewage is developed from many activities of the wet process of textile. The major cause of development of effluent in the textile industry is that huge quantity of water is used in the harmful chemicals for printing, dyeing, and finishing.
On the other hand, Hasanbeigi and Price (2015).stated that there are many factors that are considered as pollution features of textile industry wastewater such as pollution characteristics and conventional treatment. Moreover, the pollution characteristics consider different factors like high alkalinity, high COD, high BOD, and high SS. In addition, the conventional treatment covers chemical and biological treatment. Hence, it is analyzed that organization should mainly consider such factors to eliminate the issues of water pollution.
As per the view of Jarošová et al. (2014) the textile industry has used many strategies and methods to deal with water issues systematically. At the same time, it can also be said that there are many methods that are considered in new technologies of textile such as membrane technology, wet air oxidation of desizing wastewater by the textile industry, and reactive dyeing through Phys-chemistry method. The waste from the textile industry usually consists of a higher quantity of inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. For the goal of treating with effluent, an organization should use evaporation, crystallization of salts, centrifuging is complete through dewater salt.
In support to this, Lee et al. (2015) examined that an organization can use the mixture of industrial evaporators such as forced circulation evaporator, falling film evaporator, agitated thin film dryer, and fluid bed dryer to manage the wastewater. In addition, an organization can also use the centrifuging effective handle the wastewater issues. It is also illustrated that the membrane separation systems are an effective and common method that is used by the textile industry. Through Membrane bioreactors, an organization can consider some different factors like affluent, equalization, evaporator, centrifuge, and vertical thin film dryer.
As per the view of Lee et al. (2014) explained that there are different kinds of new technologies that are considered by the textile industry like Membrane Technology, Wet Air Oxidation of Desizing Wastewater, Reactive Dye by Phys-Chemistry Method, and end-up treatment method. In addition, it can also be said that membrane technology is dynamic techniques in the textile industry over the many years. The main reason for practicing this method within the textile industry is that it operates adding chemicals, with lower energy and well-arranged procedure transmissions. Moreover, it is also addressed that membrane separation procedure relies on the existence of semi penetrable skins. This method is quite easy as compared to another method. In addition, the membrane acts successfully manage the water and solid pollution uses from the textile industry and make clean and safe environment.
In support of this, Mujumdar (2014) sated that there are certain methods such as uses of high pressure and keep of the concentration gradient, and the induction of electric potential are considered in the membrane separation. At the same time, it can also be said that ultra-filtration and micro are two important techniques which are also included in the membrane filtration to deal with wastewater. Moreover, it is also evaluated that reverse osmosis and nano filtration are practiced by the organization to remove the salt from water. Furthermore, this method is imperative because it considers some elements such as low temperatures and low energy cost.
On the other side, Gosavi and Sharme (2016) explained that wet air oxidation is used to treat the wastewater from the man-made fiber and natural factors. In addition, the variety of operating temperature is lies between 150 and 290 °C. In addition, it is also found that WAO method can be an imperative method for treating the wastewater in the textile industry.
In support of this, Holkar et al. (2016) illustrated that wastewater that includes easy-soluble dyes and non-degradable dyes can be complicated to successfully manage the wastewater. In addition, it can also be imperative to effectively manage the wastewater and provide the security to the people from harmful chemicals and pollution. It supports to make healthier environment successfully.
Accordance to the Hasanbeigi and Price (2015), end-of-pipe treatment methods can play an imperative role in the wastewater management. An organization should use this method in the operating process and easily control the wastewater. In addition, it is also illustrated that researcher has made research on many kinds of methods to manage the wastewater and eliminate the wastewater issues from the textile industry. There are different types of methods that are considered in the end-of-pipe treatment methods like pilot scale, laboratory tests, and full technical application.
On the other side, Lee et al. (2015) stated that through this method an organization can consider the general concept of wastewater treatment along with considering the situation of textile producer due to making an effective decision towards the wastewater. Moreover, it is also examined that there are different kinds of factors that are involved in the end-of-pipe treatment methods like concentrated liquids, washing, rinsing, and baths, cooling water, and printing pastes. Furthermore, it is analysed that such factors can directly influence the wastewater treatment in the working place.
Conclusion and recommendation
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that a textile industry is using technologies to handle the wastewater and secure the environment. The procedure of textile production especially wet treatment and final process of textile materials have needed a huge volume of water consumption with better quality. It can also be summarized that many procedures and a considerable volume of populated water are discharged. It can also be evaluated that water technologists and textile industry experts have contributed their best to decline the issues of industrial water consumption. The industry should try to improve water consumption by mandate the technologist to use the integrated approach and recycle water within the industry. In addition, it can also be illustrated that the end-of-pipe technologies considered many elements such as flocculation, adsorption, and use of membranes, combustion, and coagulation for the specific condition of the textile plant. Consequently, it can also be evaluated that it cannot be possible for an expert to handle the wastewater without depth analysis of textile plant. Classification of textile industry wastewater is significant to make approaches to water treatment and recycle. To improve the treatment and recycle possibilities, the textile industry should make an effective strategy or norms separately. Finally, it can be concluded that the separate watercourse focuses on different factors such as improves treatability, and enhance reuse options. Finally, it can be concluded that it is significant to identify all aspects of declining discharges and waste goods from the industry of textile as it will be beneficial to improve the environmental performance and saving the cost of the company.
References
Ghaly, A. E., Ananthashankar, R., Alhattab, M. V. V. R., & Ramakrishnan, V. V. (2014). Production, characterization and treatment of textile effluents: a critical review. J Chem Eng Process Technol, 5(1), 1-18.
Gosavi, V. D., & Sharma, S. (2014). A general review on various treatment methods for textile wastewater. J Environ Sci-Computer Sci Eng Technol, 3(1), 29-39.
Government of Canada (2017). About us: Textiles industry profile. Retrieved from: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/textiles-textiles.nsf/eng/h_tx03222.html
Hasanbeigi, A., & Price, L. (2015). A technical review of emerging technologies for energy and water efficiency and pollution reduction in the textile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 95, 30-44.
Holkar, C. R., Jadhav, A. J., Pinjari, D. V., Mahamuni, N. M., & Pandit, A. B. (2016). A critical review on textile wastewater treatments: possible approaches. Journal of environmental management, 182, 351-366.
Jarošová, B., Erseková, A., Hilscherová, K., Loos, R., Gawlik, B. M., Giesy, J. P., & Bláha, L. (2014). Europe-wide survey of estrogenicity in wastewater treatment plant effluents: the need for the effect-based monitoring. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(18), 10970-10982.
Jegatheesan, V., Pramanik, B. K., Chen, J., Navaratna, D., Chang, C. Y., & Shu, L. (2016). Treatment of textile wastewater with membrane bioreactor: a critical review. Bioresource technology, 204, 202-212.
Lee, S., Liao, C., Song, G. J., Ra, K., Kannan, K., & Moon, H. B. (2015). Emission of bisphenol analogues including bisphenol A and bisphenol F from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. Chemosphere, 119, 1000-1006.
Lee, S., Song, G. J., Kannan, K., & Moon, H. B. (2014). Occurrence of PBDEs and other alternative brominated flame retardants in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 1422-1429.
Mujumdar, A. S. (2014). Handbook of industrial drying. USA: CRC press.
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